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Applied Beef Cattle Breeding and Selection

Applied Beef Cattle Breeding and Selection. Larry V. Cundiff ARS-USDA-U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. 2008 Beef Cattle Production Management Series-Module II Great Plains Veterinary Education Center University of Nebraska, Clay Center June 4, 2008. Home Work Assignment for Module 2.

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Applied Beef Cattle Breeding and Selection

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  1. Applied Beef Cattle Breeding and Selection Larry V. Cundiff ARS-USDA-U.S. Meat Animal Research Center 2008 Beef Cattle Production Management Series-Module II Great Plains Veterinary Education Center University of Nebraska, Clay Center June 4, 2008

  2. Home Work Assignment for Module2 Assume you are commercial breeder using a two-breed rotation of Angus and Herefords. You need to select three bulls for use this year to maintain your breeding program. Using the tables of breed averages provided, the 2007 Across Breed EPD Table provided, and the web sites of the Angus and Hereford breeds answer the following questions.

  3. Home Work Assignment for Module2 • For birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk, what is the breed average EPD for Angus bulls (within breed average for each trait)? • From Angus web site: BW = 2.2, WW = 42, YW = 77, Milk = 20 • From table handed out: BW= 2.3, WW = 38, YW = 65, Milk = 15 2) For birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk, what is the breed average EPD for Hereford bulls (within breed average for each trait)? From Hereford web site: BW = 3.6, WW = 40, YW = 67, Milk = 16 From table handed out: BW = 3.7, WW = 3, YW = 65, Milk = 15

  4. Home Work Assignment for Module 2 • For birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk, what is the breed average Across Breed – EPD (AB-EPD) for each trait? • For Angus: • BW = 0 + 2.2 = 2.2 • WW = 0 + 42 = 42 • YW = 0 + 77 = 77 • MILK = 0 + 20 = 20 • For Herefords: • BW = 2.7 + 3.6 = 6.3 • WW = -3.1 + 40 = 36.9 • YW = -12.7 + 67 = 54.3 • MILK = - 15.7 + 16 = 0.3

  5. Home Work Assignment for Module2 In selecting three bulls of each breed, what range in AB-EPDs would you like to specify for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk? Considering traits you wish to emphasize in your breeding programs, discuss why you have specified these ranges for these traits. Answer is arbitrary, goals not same for everyone For purposes of this exercise, I chose AB-EPDs bracketing the midpoint of breed average AB-EPDs for Angus and Herefords. BW WW YW Milk Angus 2.7 42 77 20 Hereford 6.3 36.9 54.3 0.3 Mid-point 4.1 40.5 65 10 Range 3 to 5 38-43 60-70 5 to 15

  6. Home Work Assignment for Module2 • Then back solving, determine the range for within breed EPDs that this AB-EPD range would allow in the Angus and Hereford bulls for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk? Discuss why you have specified these ranges. • BW WW YW Milk • Angus 3 to 5 38 to 43, 60 to 70, 5 to 15 • Hereford • AB-EPD 3 to 5 38 to 43 60 to 70 5 to 15 • minus Factor - ( 2.7) - (- 3.1) - (-12.7) - (-15.7) • w/in breed range .3 to 2.3 42.1 to 46.1 73 to 83 21 to 31 • Searching Angus data base (8 “main sires” were available) • Searching Hereford base 570 bulls were available

  7. ACROSS BREED EPDs (AB-EPDs) (Notter and Cundiff, 1992) BIF Proceedings Annually(Van Vleck and Cundiff) (Kuehn et al. 2007, 2008) Tables produced to provide for comparison of individuals in different breeds on the same EPD scale for BW, WW, YW and MILK

  8. AB-EPDs • Within breed EPDs are accurate predictors of purebred and crossbred performance. • AB-EPDs are most useful for selecting bulls of two or more breeds for use in crossbreeding. • Uniformity in AB-EPDs should be emphasized for rotational crossing. • Divergence in AB-EPDs should be emphasized in selection of bulls for terminal crossing or calving ease in first calf heifers.

  9. Home Work Assignment for Module2 Other traits that can be considered based on within breed EPD available: Angus Trait CED YH SC MW MH CW Marb RE FAT Mean 5 0.3 .33 32 .5 5 .16 .16 -.001 Hereford Trait CED CEM SC FAT RE IMF% Mean -.2 0.5 0.6 .004 .14 0.00

  10. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO ADD TO EPDs OF SIXTEEN BREEDS TO ESTIMATE AB-EPDs (SPRING, 2008) Breed BWT WNWT YRWT MILK Hereford2.7 -2.9 - 12.8 -15.3 Angus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shorthorn 6.5 31.0 44.1 18.1 S. Devon 3.3 3.6 -5.7 -5.6 Brahman 12.5 38.0 2.5 27.5 Simmental 5.4 23.3 16.9 13.9 Limousin 4.0 -3.8 - 27.8 -11.9 Charolais 9.6 39.0 47.3 2.9 Maine Anjou 7.0 -3.6 - 31.6 - 6.0 Gelbvieh 4.4 5.0 - 22.4 7.0 Tarentaise 3.0 31.5 18.2 20.5 Salers 4.2 30.3 43.4 13.1 Red Angus 2.8 - 5.2 0.9 - 3.9 Braunvieh 6.2 29.4 17.8 25.3 Brangus 5.8 27.3 28.8 - 3.9 Beefmaster 9.2 45.1 45.1 - 2.1 (Kuehn et al., 2008)

  11. BREEDS MEANS AND DEVIATIONS FROM ANGUS ON INDUSTRY SCALE (SPRING, 2008 GENETIC EVALUATIONS), LB Breed BWT WNWT YRWT MILK Hereford 89 ( 4.1) 519 (- 4.4) 884 (- 22.3) - 14.6 Angus 85 ( 0.0) 524 ( 0.0) 906 ( 0.0) 4.7 Shorthorn 91 ( 6.5) 527 ( 3.8) 898 ( - 8.2) 5.3 S. Devon 88 ( 3.5) 525 ( 1.3) 899 ( - 7.5) 0.3 Brahman 96(11.9) 533 ( 9.6) 854 (- 52.3) 18.1 Simmental 89 ( 4.7) 538 (14.2) 904 ( - 2.3) 3.6 Limousin 88 ( 3.5) 518 (- 5.6) 876 (- 30.1) - 7.7 Charolais 93 ( 8.6) 543 (19.2) 916 ( 10.0) - 5.5 Maine Anjou 91 ( 6.7) 518 (- 5.1) 878 (- 28.9) - 1.4 Gelbvieh 89 ( 4.1) 527 ( 3.5) 881 (- 24.9) 8.7 Tarentaise 87 ( 2.3) 518 (- 6.0) 859 (- 47.3) 6.2 Salers 88 ( 3.1) 529 ( 5.9) 902 ( - 4.7) 6.1 Red Angus 85 ( 0.9) 507 (-16.1) 884 (- 21.9) - 3.1 Braunvieh 89 ( 4.2) 517 (- 7.0) 856 ( -50.0) 10.0 Brangus 90 ( 5.1) 533 ( 9.1) 898 ( - 8.7) - 10.5 Beefmaster 92 ( 7.4) 534 (10.8) 887 (- 19.1) - 15.6 Kuehn et al. (2008)

  12. REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR CARCASS TRAITS IN STEERS PROGENY (n=1224) ON EPDs OF THEIR SIRES (s = 264) IN EIGHT BREEDS Marbling 0.74 + .11 Rib eye area (REA) 1.36 + .17 Fat thickness (FAT) 0.69 + .13 Kuehn et al. (2008)

  13. MEAN EPDs FOR CARCASS TRAITS (Spring 2008 Evaluations) Breed MARB (sc) REA (in2) FAT (in) Angus 0.27 0.12 +0.009 S. Devon 0.30 0.24 - 0.030 Simmental 0.10 0.04 + 0.010 Limousin 0.01 0.38 .---- Charolais 0.03 0.19 -0.001 Maine Anjou 0.21 0.18 + 0.000 Salers 0.00 0.02 + 0.000 Red Angus 0.06 0.04 - 0.001 (Kuehn et. al., 2008)

  14. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO ADD TO EPDs OF EIGHT BREEDS TO ESTIMATE AB-EPDs (SPRING, 2008) Breed MARB (sc) REA (in2) FAT (in) Angus 0.00 0.00 +0.000 S. Devon - 0.57 0.07 - 0.008 Simmental - 0.84 0.67 - 0.335 Limousin - 1.08 0.58 .---- Charolais - 0.79 0.43 - 0.335 Maine Anjou - 1.08 0.84 - 0.305 Salers - 0.10 0.52 - 0.276 Red Angus - 0.02 - 0.13 - 0.062 (Kuehn et al., 2008)

  15. CARCASS TRAIT BREED MEANS AND DEVIATIONS FROM ANGUS (SPRING, 2008 GENETIC EVALUATIONS) Breed MARB (sc) REA (in2) FAT(in) Angus 5.78 ( 0.00) 12.21 ( 0.00) 0.558 ( 0.000) S. Devon 5.24 (- 0.54) 12.40 ( 0.19) 0.511 (- 0.047) Simmental 4.77 (- 1.01) 12.80 ( 0.59) 0.224 (- 0.334) Limousin 4.44 (- 1.34) 13.05 ( 0.84) .------------ Charolais 4.75 (- 1.03) 12.71 ( 0.50) 0.193 (-0.365) Maine Anjou 4.64 (- 1.14) 13.11 ( 0.90) 0.244 (- 0.314) Salers 5.41 (- 0.37) 12.63 ( 0.42) 0.273 (- 0.285) Red Angus 5.55 (- 0.23) 12.00 (- 0.21) 0.486 (- 0.072) - 3.1 Kuehn et al. (2008)

  16. SYSTEMATIC CROSSBREEDING OR COMPOSITE POPULATIONS Use: Heterosis Breed differences Complementarity among breeds to match genetic potential : Consumer preferences Feed resources Climatic environment

  17. SIRE BREEDS USED IN THE GERMPLASM EVALUATION PROGRAM AT THE USMARC Cycle I Cycle II Cycle III Cycle IV Cycle V Cycle VI Cycle VII Cycle VIII 70-72 73-74 75-76 86-90 92-94 97-98 99-00 01-02 F1 Crosses (Hereford or Angus dams) a Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Jersey Red Poll Brahman Longhorn Tuli Wagyu Red Angus Beefmaster S. Devon Braunvieh Sahiwal Salers Boran Norweg. Red Limousin Brangus Limousin Gelbvieh Pinzgauer Galloway Belg. Blue Sw. Red&Wh. Charolais Bonsmara Simmental Maine Anj. Tarentaise Nellore Brahman Friesian Simmental Romosinuano Charolais Chianina Shorthorn Piedmontese Gelbvieh Piedmontese 3-way crossesCharolais Hereford Hereford Gelbvieh Angus Angus Pinzgauer Brahman Brangus Devon Santa Gertrudis Holstein • a • Sire breeds mated to Angus and Hereford females, Composite MARC III (1/4 Angus, Hereford, Red Poll and Pinzgauer) cows were also included in Cycles V, VI, and VII.

  18. Beef Breed Registrations National Pedigreed Livestock Council

  19. Cycle VII Calving Ease (UA and CD) and Birth weight (BW) Sire of Calf Means (4 –10 yr olds) Sire breed UA CD BW % sc lb Hereford 96 1.24 90.4 Angus 99 1.01 84.0 Red Angus 99 1.06 84.5 240 Simmental 98 1.10 92.2 Gelbvieh 98 1.10 88.7 Limousin 98 1.13 89.5 Charolais 93 1.40 93.7 Avg. LSD <.05 3.6 0.21 3.3 Sire of Calf (Direct) • Angus and Red Angus sired calves excel in calving ease (unassisted = UA) due to lighter birth wt. • In 30 years, relative to Hereford-Angus crosses, Continental breeds have reduced birth wt (9 vs. 4.2 lb) and improved direct calving ease, especially Simmental and Gelbvieh (formerly, 9% more assisted). Sire of Dam Means - Total Maternal Sire 2-yr-olds breed UA CD BW % sc lb Hereford 74 1.86 81.5 Angus 72 1.96 79.8 Red Angus 68 2.19 78.2 36.2 225 Simmental 86 1.54 79.6 Gelbvieh 64 2.24 83.6 Limousin 68 2.00 80.3 Charolais 69 2.09 81.6 Avg. 1. LSD <.05 19 0.64 4.4 Sire of Dam (Total Maternal) Differences in maternal calving ease and birth weight were not significant in Cycle I and II, and are still not significant. However, maternal calving ease has been improved in Simmental relative to HA & AH (from 6% more to 13% less assistance in 2-yr-olds).

  20. Hereford Sired Steers

  21. British (H, A, Ra) and Continental (S, G, L, and C) sired progeny do not differ significantly in Efficiency of Gain (live wt gain, lb/Mcal) to age or weight end points.

  22. Complementarity Progeny by British sire breeds (H, A, Ra) were more efficient (lb live wt gain/Mcal) than those by Continental (S, G, L, C) sire breeds to fatness endpoints

  23. Progeny of Continental European sire breeds (S, G, L, and C) had more efficient gains (Live wt gain/Mcal and retail product/Mcal) than progeny of British sire breeds (H, A, and Ra) to weight of retail product (496 lb retail product) endpoints

  24. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (445 DAYS) Final Retail Marb- USDA WB Sire wt product ling Choice shear Breed N lb % lb sc % lb F test ** ** ** ** ** ** Hereford 97 1322 60.7 480 526 70 9.1 Angus 98 1365 59.2 488 584 95 8.9 Red Angus 93 1333 59.1 474 590 93 9.2 Simmental 92 1363 63.0 522 528 66 9.5 Gelbvieh 90 1312 63.8 509 506 58 9.9 Limousin 84 1286 63.7 504 504 57 9.5 Charolais 95 1349 63.7 523 517 62 9.6 LSD < .05 40 1.3 16 17 0.7 0.6

  25. USDA QUALITY GRADE X YIELD GRADEFOR HEREFORD, ANGUS AND RED ANGUS (N = 288)

  26. USDA QUALITY GRADE X YIELD GRADEFOR STEERS WITH SIMMENTAL, GELBVIEH, LIMOUSIN, AND CHAROLAIS SIRES (n = 361)

  27. Matching Genotype to Consumer Preferences British sired steers: 22 % Yield grade 4’s 14 % USDA Select86% > USDA Choice Continental sired steers: 3.3 Yield Grade 4 0.3 % USDA Standard, 42% USDA Select, 58% > USDA Choice Results are consistent with earlier results: steers with 50:50 ratios of Continental to British inheritance receive fewer severe discounts for yield grade 4 or USDA standard grade carcasses than steers with higher or lower ratios of Continental to British inheritance.

  28. BREED GROUP MEANS (DEVIATIONS FROM HA & AH) FOR MATURE WEIGHT (ADJUSTED TO CONDITION SCORE OF 5.5) OF F1 CROSS COWS IN CYCLES I AND II (BIRTH YEARS: 1970-74) COMPARED TO CYCLE VII (BIRTH YEARS 1999-2000), KG (0) (- 3) (- 5) (- 42) (- 11) (- 20) LSD < 26 (0) (29) (34) (15) (53)

  29. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST CALVES AT 2 YEARS OF AGE (2001 & 2002) Sire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt per breed born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow exp of female No. % % score % lb lb lb Hereford 80 92 70 1.9 74 81.5 413 292 Angus 84 83 76 2.0 72 79.8 424 325 Red Angus 104 86 76 2.2 68 78.2 415 317 Simmental 98 86 69 1.5 86 79.6 442 309 Gelbvieh 109 79 68 2.2 64 83.6 447 307 Limousin 109 85 73 2.0 68 80.3 429 313 Charolais 97 87 73 2.1 69 81.6 430 315 LSD < .05 14 15 .6 19 4.4 21 68

  30. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST CALVES AT 3-5 YEARS OF AGE (2002-2004) Sire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt per breed born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow exp of female No. % % score % lb lb lb Hereford 80 92 70 1.9 74 81.5 413 292 Angus 84 83 76 2.0 72 79.8 424 325 Red Angus 104 86 76 2.2 68 78.2 415 317 Simmental 98 86 69 1.5 86 79.6 442 309 Gelbvieh 109 79 68 2.2 64 83.6 447 307 Limousin 109 85 73 2.0 68 80.3 429 313 Charolais 97 87 73 2.1 69 81.6 430 315 LSD < .05 14 15 .6 19 4.4 10 68

  31. Differences in reproduction rate, and calf survival to weaning not significant. Feed resources were not limiting! Cows were fed silage and hay in winter to meet nutrient requirements for maintenance and gestation.

  32. BREAK

  33. Genotype X Environment Interaction Y Y Y E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2 Interaction Change in ranking Interaction Change in magnitude No interaction

  34. Matching Genetic Potential to the Feed Resources

  35. F 100 Interval from Calving to First Observed Estrus (Days) 90 80 HF 70 60 H Med. High Very High (Energy Level) Postpartum interval of Hereford (H) Hereford-Holstein, and Holstein fall calving females on three levels of supplementation during lactation as 2-, 3-, and 4- year olds (Kropp et al., 1972; Holloway, et al, 1973; Lusby et al., 1974)

  36. Matching Genetic Potential to the Climatic Environment

  37. Matching Genetic Potential to the Climatic Environment (Olson et al., 1991)

  38. OUTPUT/INPUT DIFFERENCES AMONG BOS INDICUS X BOS TAURUS AND BOS TAURUS X BOS TAURUS F1 COWS (Green et al., 1991) ___________________________________________________ Overall _____Breed group (ratios)_______ Item mean HAX BmX SwX PzX_ Progeny (126 d) Wt gain,kg 129 92 108 103 99 ME cons., Mcal 592 112 92 94 102 Dams (126 d) Milk prod. kg/d 7.0 90 105 101 100 Cow wt., kg 561 98 105 97 100 Fat Probe, cm .78 91 102 112 95 ME cons., Mcal 3292 93 106 97 104 Efficiency Prog Gain per Mcal ME, kg/Mcal .033 96 104 106 95 ____________________________________________________

  39. MORTALITY IN CALVES WITH DIFFERENT RATIOS OF BOS INDICUS TO BOS TAURUS INHERITANCE Bos indicus to Bos taurus ratio Temp (Fo) 0:100 25:75 50:50 75:25 Mean >52 2 0 4 1 2 46 to < 52 2 5 0 4 2 41 to <46 5 0 4 36 11 36 to < 41 2 4 4 41 13 30 to < 36 1 2 22 37 16 < 30 3 8 12 9 8 (Josey et al., 1993)

  40. Breed Effects as Deviations from Angus Average Daily Gain, lb. Month

  41. Shear Shear, lb. Bos Indicus to Bos Taurus Ratio

  42. TRADEOFFS • Bos indicus x Bos taurus crosses excel in • Weaning weight per cow exposed • Cow efficiency • especially in subtropical climates, but • these advantages are tempered by: • Older age at puberty • Reduced meat tenderness • Reduced gain and feed efficiency during winter • months in temperate environments • Increased mortality during spring calving in • temperate environments

  43. SIRE BREEDS USED IN THE GERMPLASM EVALUATION PROGRAM AT THE USMARC Cycle I Cycle II Cycle III Cycle IV Cycle V Cycle VI Cycle VII Cycle VIII 70-72 73-74 75-76 86-90 92-94 97-98 99-00 01-02 F1 Crosses (Hereford or Angus dams) a Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Jersey Red Poll Brahman Longhorn Tuli Wagyu Red Angus Beefmaster S. Devon Braunvieh Sahiwal Salers Boran Norweg. Red Limousin Brangus Limousin Gelbvieh Pinzgauer Galloway Belg. Blue Sw. Red&Wh. Charolais Bonsmara Simmental Maine Anj. Tarentaise Nellore Brahman Friesian Simmental Romosinuano Charolais Chianina Shorthorn Piedmontese Gelbvieh Piedmontese 3-way crossesCharolais Hereford Hereford Gelbvieh Angus Angus Pinzgauer Brahman Brangus Devon Santa Gertrudis Holstein • a • Sire breeds mated to Angus and Hereford females, Composite MARC III (1/4 Angus, Hereford, Red Poll and Pinzgauer) cows were also included in Cycles V, VI, and VII.

  44. Boran

  45. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT ANDCARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (447 d) Final Marb- USDA 14-d Sire wt Retail product ling Choice Shear breed No. kg % kg score % kg Hereford 106 576 61.9 204 520 70.3 4.8 Angus 101 580 62.2 206 556 84.6 4.0 Brahman Original 43 533 64.1 199 485 29.4 6.1 Current 76 544 63.8 204 466 30.4 5.9 Boran 151 506 62.6 181 504 47.2 5.1 Tuli 162 503 63.4 184 525 63.8 4.6 Nellore 97 555 65.0 211 500 51.4 ---- LSD < .05 48 1.7 8 30 22.2 0.6

  46. BREED GROUP MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS 2-years of age 3 to 7 years of age Calf 200-day wt Calf 200-day wt. Age at crop per per cow crop per per cow Sire breed puberty, wnd. calf exposed wnd. calfexposed of female No. days % lb lb % lb lb Hereford 152 355 73.8 419 300 88.7 474 422 Angus 130 351 74.4 437 313 86.3 493 426 Avg. 282 353 74.1 428 307 87.5 483 424 Brahman Original 82 429 54.3 456 238 85.9 511 440 Current 208 423 69.6 476 319 82.7 521 430 Avg. 244 426 62.0 466 279 83.2 516 435 Boran 206 396 83.3 444 357 86.2 488 421 Tuli 244 371 74.6 413 296 84.1 471 397 Piedmont. 75 348 75.3 441 321 85.3 476 404 Belg. Blue 237 348 71.0 436 300 79.0 502 398 LSD.05 13 13.9 18 62 6.7 14 36

  47. Genotype X Environment Interaction Cycle VIII MARC LSU M&F F Hereford X Angus X Beefmaster X X Brangus X X Romosinuano X X Bonsmara X X

  48. TABLE 14. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS PRODUCED IN CYCLE VIII (426 DAYS, 2001 & 2002 CALF CROPS) Final Retail USDA W-B Sire wt product Marb. Choice shear Breed N kg % kg score % kg Hereford 102 564.7 61.8 211.3 515 52 3.67 Angus 103 582.0 60.0 212.7 548 71 3.44 Brangus 107 569.7 62.1 217.7 497 42 3.90 Beefmaster 103 587.9 61.2 218.6 483 35 4.08 Bonsmara 104 537.5 63.4 210.5 487 37 3.67 Romosinuano 102 521.6 64.4 205.0 488 37 3.76 LSD < .05 13.6 1.1 5.9 24 13 0.22

  49. BREED GROUP MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES IN CYCLE VIII OF THE GPE PRORAM AT MARC 2-years of age 3 to 4 years of age Sire Age Calf 200-day wt Calf 200-day wt. breed at crop per per cow crop per per cow of puberty wnd. calf exposed wnd. calf exposed female No. % lb lb % lb lb Hereford 101 329 76 452 346 92 525 481 Angus 104 310 69 474 326 92 547 505 Brangus 45 341 85 481 406 88 553 489 Beefmaster 51 450 86 485 417 94 538 511 Bonsmara 48 352 69 454 317 90 525 478 Romosinuano 50 362 79 414 328 97 480 469 LSD < .05 12 15 22 72 8 24 46

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