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The French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon

The French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon. Differences between French and British mission civilisatrice. Faysal and the (Brief) Kingdom of Syria, 1918-1920. March 1920 General Syrian Congress Proclamation of independent state San Remo and reaction

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The French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon

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  1. The French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon Differences between French and British mission civilisatrice

  2. Faysal and the (Brief) Kingdom of Syria, 1918-1920 • March 1920 General Syrian Congress • Proclamation of independent state • San Remo and reaction • July 1920: French military attack and takeover • Faysal exiled Faysal ibn Husayn, leader of the Arab Revolt, 1916-1918

  3. Syria under French Mandate • Divide and rule • Districts, 1920 • Greater Lebanon • Aleppo (including Alexandretta) • Latakia (Alawi area) • Damascus

  4. Divide and rule and resistance • Hananu Revolt, 1919-1921 • Alawi rebellion, 1918-1921 • Jabal Druze state, 1922 • Damascus-Aleppo, 1924 City of Aleppo, 1940s

  5. The point: • Balkanization • sectarianism • minority distinctiveness • Isolated minorities from urban nationalist center • “institutionalized fragmentation” [Cleveland] • hinder development of national identity

  6. French mandate government • High commissioner • Direct rule • French Arme du Levant; Syrian Legion • Great Revolt, 1925-27 (Druze-led) • “honorable cooperation” • National Bloc (1928). Two wings: • Secular nationalists (Mardam) • Radicals (Shukri Quwwatli) Damascus, 1940s

  7. Turbulence in Syria • Constitutional Assembly • Dismissal of Assembly (1929) • 1936 strike • Suspension of constitution • Dissolution of parliament, 1939 • Result after 20 years? Demonstration: “Syria is Arab and will remain Arab”

  8. Lebanon Beirut

  9. French Mandate Lebanon • “Greater Lebanon” • “Protectors of Christians in the Levant” • “schizophrenic” • Institutionalized sectarianism • 1926 constitution = Republic of Lebanon • Franco-Lebanese Treaty, 1936

  10. World War II • National Pact, 1943 • WWII situation • 1943 elections • End of Mandate, 1946 Demonstration in front of parliament; French release of Lebanese govt., 1943

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