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Understanding Magnetism: Permanent Magnets & Earth’s Field

Explore the fascinating world of permanent magnets and the Earth's magnetic field. Learn about magnetic field lines, poles, magnetic declination, and the Earth's complex magnetic structure. Discover how magnets interact and why there are no separate magnetic monopoles.

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Understanding Magnetism: Permanent Magnets & Earth’s Field

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  1. PHY 184 Spring 2007 Lecture 21 Title: Magnetism 184 Lecture 21

  2. Permanent Magnets • Examples of permanent magnets include refrigerator magnets and magnetic door latches. • They are all made of compounds of iron, nickel, or cobalt. • If you touch an iron needle to a piece of magnetic lodestone, the iron needle will be magnetized. • If you then float this iron needle in water, the needle will point toward the north pole of the Earth (approximately!) • We call the end of the magnet that points north the north pole of the magnet and the other end the south pole of the magnet. 184 Lecture 21

  3. Permanent Magnets - Poles • Magnets exert forces on one another --- attractive or repulsive depending on orientation. • If we bring together two permanent magnets such that the two north poles are together or two south poles are together, the magnets will repel each other. • If we bring together a north pole and a south pole, the magnets will attract each other. 184 Lecture 21

  4. Magnetic Field Lines • Permanent magnets interact with each other at a distance, without touching. • In analogy with the electric field, we define a magnetic field to describe the magnetic force. • As we did for the electric field, we may represent the magnetic field using magnetic field lines. • The magnetic field direction is always tangent to the magnetic field lines. 184 Lecture 21

  5. Magnetic Field Lines (2) • The magnetic field lines from a permanent bar magnet are shown below Two dimensional computer calculation Three dimensional real-life 184 Lecture 21

  6. Break a Permanent Magnet in Two S S N N • If we break a permanentmagnet in half, what do we get? S N S A? OR B? N What do you think? A: A north and a south pole each? B: A piece that is just a north pole and the corresponding south-pole piece? 184 Lecture 21

  7. Broken Permanent Magnet • If we break a permanentmagnet in half, we do notget a separate north poleand south pole. • When we break a barmagnet in half, we alwaysget two new magnets, eachwith its own north and south pole. • Unlike electric charge that exists as positive (proton) and negative (electron) separately, there are no separate magnetic monopoles (an isolated north pole or an isolated south pole). • Scientists have carried out extensive searches for magnetic monopoles; all results are negative. • Magnetism is not caused by magnetic particles! Magnetism is caused by electric currents. 184 Lecture 21

  8. Magnetic Field Lines • For the electric field, the electric force points in the same direction as the electric field and the electric force was defined in terms of a positive test particle. • However, because there is no magnetic monopole, we must employ other means to define the magnetic force. • We can define the direction of the magnetic field in terms of the direction a compass needle would point. • A compass needle, with a north pole and a south pole, will orient itself in equilibrium such that its north pole points in the direction of the magnetic field. • Thus the direction of the field can be measured at any point by moving a compass needle around in a magnetic field and noting the direction that the compass needle points. 184 Lecture 21

  9. The Earth’s Magnetic Field • The Earth itself is a magnet. • It has a magnetic field sort of like a bar magnet (but not really like a bar magnet). • The poles of the Earth’smagnetic field are not alignedwith the Earth’s geographicpoles defined as the endpointsof the axis of the Earth’s rotation. • The Earth’s magnetic field is not as simple as drawn here because it is distorted by the solar wind • Protons from the Sun moving at 400 km/s • The field inside the Earth is very complex. 184 Lecture 21

  10. The Earth’s Magnetic Field • Here is the real reason… 184 Lecture 21

  11. Earth’s Magnetic Field Strength Geomagnetic field strength (National Geophysical Data Center) • The strength of the Earth’s magnetic field at the surface of Earth is on the order of 1 G • The strength varies between 0.25 G and 0.65 G 184 Lecture 21

  12. Earth’s Magnetic Poles • The north and south magnetic poles are not located at the north and south geographic poles • The magnetic north pole is located in Canada • The magnetic south pole is located on the edge of Antarctica • The magnetic poles move around, at a rate of 40 km per year • By the year 2500 the magnetic north pole will be located in Siberia • There are indications that the Earth’s magnetic field reverses (N S) on the time scale of 1 million years or so. 184 Lecture 21

  13. Magnetic Declination • A compass needle points toward the magnetic north pole rather than true north. • The angle between the direction a compass needle points and true north is called the magnetic declination. • The magnetic declination is defined to be • positive when magnetic north is east of true north • negative when magnetic north is west of true north • The magnetic north pole currently resides on a line that passes through central Missouri, Eastern Illinois, Western Iowa, and Eastern Wisconsin • Along this line the magnetic declination is zero. • West of this line the magnetic declination is positive and reaches 18° in Seattle. • East of this line the declination is negative, up to -18° in Maine. 184 Lecture 21

  14. Magnetic Declination (2) • Because the positions of the Earth’s magnetic poles move with time, the magnetic declination is not constant. • For example, here is the estimated magnetic declination for Lansing, Michigan for the period 1900 – 2004. 184 Lecture 21

  15. Definition of the Magnetic Field Notations Electric field = E(x) Magnetic field = B(x) 184 Lecture 21

  16. Magnetic Force • We define the magnetic field in terms of its effect on an electrically charged particle (q). • Recall that an electric field exerts a force on a particle with charge q given by • A magnetic field exerts no force on a stationary charge. • But a magnetic field does exert a force on a charge that moves across the field. • The direction of the force is perpendicular to both the velocity of the moving charged particle and the magnetic field; the magnetic force is sideways. • The Lorentz force 184 Lecture 21

  17. Right Hand Rule • The direction of the cross produce (v x B ) is given by the right hand rule. • To apply the right hand rule • Use your right hand! • Align thumb in the direction of v • Align your index finger with the magnetic field • Your middle finger will point in the direction of the cross product v x B . 184 Lecture 21

  18. Right Hand Rule (2) • What about the sign of the charge? • If q is positive, then F is in the same direction as v x B. • If q is negative, F is in the opposite direction. 184 Lecture 21

  19. Magnitude of Magnetic Force • The magnitude of the magnetic force on a moving charge is • … where  is the angle between the velocity of the charged particle and the magnetic field. • Do you see that there is no magnetic force on a charged particle moving parallel to the magnetic field? (Because  is zero and sin(0)=0) • Do you see when the magnetic forfce is most strong? (Max. force is for q = 90 degrees; then F = q v B) 184 Lecture 21

  20. The magnetic force on a moving charge is sideways. 184 Lecture 21

  21. Clicker Question (1) • The figure shows a charged particle with velocity v travels through a uniform magnetic field B. What is the direction of the magnetic force F on the particle? A) negative z direction B) positive y direction C) positive z direction D) negative x direction 184 Lecture 21

  22. Clicker Question (2) • The figure shows a charged particle with velocity v travels through a uniform magnetic field B. What is the direction of the magnetic force F on the particle? A) positive y direction B) positive z direction C) the force is 0 D) negative x direction 184 Lecture 21

  23. Clicker Question (3) F = q v B sin(180) = 0 • The figure shows a charged particle with velocity v travels through a uniform magnetic field B. What is the direction of the magnetic force F on the particle? A) positive y direction B) the force is 0 C) negative z direction D) negative x direction 184 Lecture 21

  24. Units of Magnetic Field Strength • The magnetic field strength has received its own named unit, the tesla (T), named in honor of the physicist and inventor Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) • A tesla is a rather large unit of the magnetic field strength. • Sometimes you will find magnetic field strength state in units of gauss (G), (not an official SI unit) Check unit consistency: F = q v B N = C (m/s) T 184 Lecture 21

  25. Example: Proton in B Field • Consider a region of uniform magnetic field (green dots); the magnitude is B=1.2 mT and the direction is vertical. A proton with kinetic energy E=8.48 10-13J enters the field, moving horizontally from south to north.Calculate the magnetic deflecting force on the proton. Answer: 6.1 x 10-15 N 184 Lecture 21

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