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Creativity

Creativity. Gagan Deep Kaur Dept. of HSS IIT Bombay. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. Creativity. Creative Process Creativity Creative Being. Creative Process – Wallace (1926). Preparation. Incubation. Illumination. Revision/Verification. creativity. Out-of-the-box. Divergent Thinking.

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Creativity

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  1. Creativity Gagan Deep Kaur Dept. of HSS IIT Bombay

  2. ? ? ? ? ? Creativity

  3. Creative Process • Creativity • Creative Being

  4. Creative Process – Wallace (1926) Preparation Incubation Illumination Revision/Verification

  5. creativity Out-of-the-box Divergent Thinking Brainstorming Lateral thinking

  6. Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. … [it] typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner….. [J. P. Guilford, 1950] Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach…. [Edward De Bono, 1970] Thinking outside the box … is to think differently, unconventionally or from a new perspective…. {John Adair, 1969} Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which a group tries to find a solution for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members…. [A. F. Osborne, 1953] Creativity refers to the phenomenon whereby a person creates something new …. that has some kind of value. [….. ] What Wikipedia says….

  7. Psychometric Approaches • Guilford Tests • Torrance Tests Tests of Creativity

  8. Unusual Uses Task Suggesting Plot titles Suggesting Consequences Word Fluency Making objects … Ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem… Guilford Tests (1950s)

  9. Imaginative Stories Task Situations Task Creative Design Task Improvements Task Picture Construction Task... ideas, ideas, ideas….. Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (1960s…)

  10. Fluency – Number of ideas Flexibility – Kinds of ideas Originality – How novel is the idea Elaboration – How detailed is the idea Creativity Quotient

  11. De-mystification of Creativity [Theology, Plato – Romanticists like Keats, Wordsworth etc.] • Development of Techniques to Nurture Creativity [Guilford, Torrance] • Novel-combinations as chief ingredient of creative process Merits of Psychometric Approaches

  12. Replication of creative process • Generation of multiple solutions • Idea should be Novel & Useful, Original, resulting from intense motivation and be towards clarifying some vague problem Newell, Shaw And Simon [1963] Computers as tools…

  13. AM (Automated Mathematician) • Douglas Lenat, 1977 • Bacon • Pat Langley, 1977 • Cybernetic Artists… Artificial Creativity

  14. I think I'll crash.Just for myself with Godpeace on a curious soundfor myself in my heart?And life is weepingFrom a bleeding heartof boughs bendingsuch paths of them,of boughs bendingsuch paths of breezeknows we've been there You broke my soulthe juice of eternity,the spirit of my lips. Cybernetic Poet AARON Harold Cohen, 1973- Ray Kurzweil, 1985-

  15. Generates drawings by using 2 kinds of knowledge - declarative (external world) & procedural (representation-building process) • Starts from foreground to background • Can revise its drawings Mechanism of AARON

  16. Is Creativity all about novel-combination of existing elements? • Specialized-domains vs Everyday creativity • Is creativity skill only ? Are we there then?

  17. Skill ? • Inherent ability ? • A cognitive process ? • Inborn or Socially Originated/Encouraged? What does it mean to be creative? Creativity is …?

  18. Creative Process • Creativity • Creative Being

  19. Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. … [it] typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner….. Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach…. Thinking outside the box … is to think differently, unconventionally or from a new perspective…. Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which a group tries to find a solution for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members…. Creativity refers to the phenomenon whereby a person creates something new …. that has some kind of value. What Wikipedia says….

  20. Creativity as defined by…. • Talent • Spontaneity • Intelligence • Originality • Novelty Necessary & Sufficient Conditions ?? None of These

  21. Talent as Inborn Creativity as learned, socially promoted Talent necessary but not sufficient for creativity Talent -> Creativity ?

  22. Fluency, Flexibility – quantifiable measurement of creativity Is on-the-spot bizarre behavior creativity? Spontaneity -> Creativity ?

  23. IQ = CQ ?? No correlation between intelligence and creativity Intelligence –> Creativity ?

  24. Margaret Boden • P-Creative • H-Creative Simultaneous Creation by more than one persons Originality -> Creativity (?)

  25. Simultaneous Creativity Discovery of Planet Neptune (1846) by J. C. Adams & U. L. Verrier Law of Conservation of Energy (1842-43) by J.R.V Mayer & J.P. Joule Oxygen (1773-74) by C. W. Scheele and Joseph Priestley Evolution by Natural Selection (1858) by C. Darwin & Alfred Wallace Anesthesia (1842) by C. W. Long and Thomas Morton Telephone (1876) by G. Bell and E. Gray (still disputed) Originality -> Creativity (?)

  26. Radical vs Simple novelty • Usefulness in novelty Novelty -> Creativity (?)

  27. Creative Process • Creativity • Creative Being

  28. Creativity & Society Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)

  29. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) Bach (1685-1750) Creativity & Society

  30. “Abjure, Curse And Detest” - Galileo facing Inquisition in Papal Court, 1615 Creativity & Society E pursimuove

  31. “The error of the theologians of the time… was to think that our understanding of the physical world's structure … by the literal sense of Sacred Scripture… “ Pope John Paul II, 4 November, 1992 [Wikipedia] Vindication at last!

  32. Creative Process • Creative Being • Creativity

  33. To make something happen • Product, idea, solution…. • In newer ways • P/H-creative • Ways - that are useful Creativity is (?)…

  34. Stages of Creative Process • Creativity as a skill (also) that can be Nurtured ! • Tests of Creativity – Debatable! • Unfounded Assumptions • Unfounded Inferences ! Can an Autistic child be Creative ? Further studies required ! Consensus on ‘Creativity’ ?

  35. ? ? ? ? ? Creativity

  36. In the order of discipline:- Psychology • Wallace G. [1926]. The Art of Thought, Hardcourt Brace, NY, USA • Guilford J. P. [1967]. The Nature of Human Intelligence, McGraw Hill, USA • Torrance E. P [1974]. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Scholastic Testing Service Inc. USA. Retrieved from http://creativeprocess.iwarp.com/rich_text_4.html Management Sciences • Allan G. [2006]. Intelligence Tests And Immigration to United States 1900-1940 • Amabile T. [1998]. How to Kill Creativity. Harvard Business Review. 76[5]. 18-24 References

  37. Artificial Intelligence • Ritchie G.D & Hanna F. K. [1984]. AM: A Case Study in AI Methodology. Artificial Intelligence. 23. 249-268 • Langley P. W. [1977]. BACON: A Production System That Discovers Empirical Laws. Proceedings of IJCAI. P. 344 • Newell A, Shaw J G, Simon H [1963]. The Process of Creative Thinking. In Gruber et al (Eds.) Contemporary Approaches to Creative Thinking. Atherton. NY, USA. Pp. 63-119. • Veale T., Gervas P, Pease A. [2006]. Understanding Creativity: A Computational Perspective. Retrieved from http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/UnderstandingCreativity_2006.pdf References

  38. Philosophy • Boden M. [2004]. The Creative Mind: Myths And Mechanisms. Routledge. UK • Novitz D. [1999]. Creativity And Constraint. Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 77[1]. 67-82 Misc Vernon P. E [1970]. Creativity: Selected Readings. Penguin Books. USA Image Sources Given in Footnotes References

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