“Alone Before God”

1. 11 “Alone Before God” Religious Reform and Warfare, 1500–1648

2. timeline

3. The Clash of Dynasties,1515–1555 • Land-Hungry Monarchs • Turkish expansion

5. The Clash of Dynasties,1515–1555 • The Changing Rules of Warfare • Growing armies

6. The Clash of Dynasties,1515–1555 • Biography: Martin Guerre (1524–1594) • Peasant, Soldier, and Reluctant Family Man

7. The Clash of Dynasties,1515–1555 • Winners and Losers • Casualties of war

8. The Clash of Dynasties,1515–1555 • The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544 • Weary imperialists

9. A Tide of Religious Reform • The Best Path to Salvation?

10. A Tide of Religious Reform • Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists” • Religious satires

11. A Tide of Religious Reform • Luther’s Revolution • Attack on indulgences • Ninety-five Theses

12. A Tide of Religious Reform • Protestant Religious Ideas • Priesthood of all believers • Sacraments

13. A Tide of Religious Reform • The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany • Peasants’ war • Peace of Augsburg

15. A Tide of Religious Reform • Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland • Zwingli

16. A Tide of Religious Reform • Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers • Church vs. state • Radical reformers

17. A Tide of Religious Reform • Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class • Predestination • Spread of Calvinism

19. A Tide of Religious Reform • Henry VIII and the English Church • Seeking a male heir • Henry’s annulment • Church of England • Edward VI

20. A Tide of Religious Reform • Henry VIII and the English Church • “Bloody Mary” • Elizabeth I • Scotland’s church • Europe divided

23. The Catholic Reformation • The Stirring of Reform in Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella • Cardinal Ximénez

24. The Catholic Reformation • The Society of Jesus • Jesuits established • Baroque art

25. The Catholic Reformation • The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 • Reforming corruption • Affirming doctrine • El Greco • Scripture and tradition

26. The Catholic Reformation • Catholics on the Offense • Philip II

27. Key Dates Protestant and Catholic reformers

28. Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare, 1559–1648 • French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 • Catholics vs. Huguenots • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Peace in France

30. Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare, 1559–1648 • A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands, 1566–1609 • Revolt breaks out • Armada against England • Netherlands split

31. Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare, 1559–1648 • The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 • War breaks out • Wallenstein • From religion to politics • Devastation

33. Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare, 1559–1648 • Peace at Westphalia • Political results

35. Key Dates Politics OF the age of reformation

36. Life After the Reformation • New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage • Courtship

37. Life After the Reformation • Forging a Link Between Education and Work • Valuing literacy • Valuing work

38. Life After the Reformation • Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity • Charitable institutions • Decline of “magic”

39. Life After the Reformation • Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches • Fear of the devil • Persecutions