Module 11 - 12

1. Module 11 - 12 Analysis, Deverbalisasi dan Restructuring

2. Procedures in Translating • Procedures in translating biblical passages

3. To get the dynamic equivalence a translation should undergo three stages. (Nida and Taber 1974:33) First, the surface structure of a discourse is analyzed; then it is transferred into the receptor language, and the final stage it is restructured.

4. Procedures in Translating Tiga langkah penerjemahan (Nida and Taber 1974:33) • Analysis • Deverbalisasi • Restructuring

5. Analysis • In this process the message as given in the source language is analyzed in terms of the grammatical analysis, the denotation and connotation of words. • In order to state the relationship between words in ways that are the clearest and least ambiguous, we can simply recast the expressions so that “events” are expressed by “verbs”; “objects” by “nouns”; “abstracts” (i.e. qualities and quantities) by “adjectives” or ”adverbs”; “prepositions” and “conjunctions” by “relational”.

6. There are four structural relationships that form the relationships between words in English. They are: • Predication: the relationship between the subject and verb in the sentence. • Complementation: the relationship between the verb and its complement(s) – direct object, indirect object and subjective complement. • Modification: the relationship in which a word, phrase or clause is used as a modifier of another word or groups of words. • Co-ordination: the relationship in which two or more words or groups of words that fill the same grammatical function are linked by a coordinating conjunction or a pause.

7. Analysis • Audience design • Needs analysis Penerjemah harus paham: • Untuk siapa? • Apa tujuannya? • Jenis terjemahan apa yang diinginkan (lihat v-diagram – Newmark) • Teks yg harus diterjemahkan harus dibaca secara keseluruhan dan dipahami isi pesannya. Bagian yang dianggap penting atau bermasalah di beri tanda. • Menyiapkan nara sumber, teks, kamus, referensi, ensiklopedi dll.

8. Perlu diingat: • Setiap langkah tidak harus hanya dilakukan sekali. Terutama langkah kedua dan ketiga biasanya harus dilakukan berkali-kali sampai kita yakin apa yang dilakukan sudah betul. • Apakah teks terjemahan yang kita buat sudah memenuhi syarat keterbacaan oleh klien • Apakah bahasa yang digunakan sudah sesuai dengan tuntutan kewajaran bahasa yang diharapkan. Dari apa yang diuraikan di atas, kita melihat pentingnya kehati-hatian dan pemanfaatan sumber-sumber di luar teks

9. Translating Biblical Passages Before translation work can begin, basic groundwork has to be done. This will include: • The planning and organization of the project, interacting with church leaders and others in the area • The formation of an organizing committee, sharing of information • The selection of translators and the beginning of their training • The selection of a location for work • The raising of funds • The analysis of the sound system and grammar of the language • The development of an orthography, if not already established • The conducting of a dialect survey • The making of an agreement on which dialect will be used in the translation. • The learning of the language and culture by non-mother-tongue team members

10. First Draft Phase • First Draft Phase Prepare the First Draft • Discover the meaning of the source textThe translator and/or the facilitator study the meaning of the source text in detail, researching any exegetical, textual, translation, cross-cultural or other problems. • Make a first draft translationThe translator makes the first draft, often working closely with a translation facilitator.

11. Improve the First Draft • Check the translation with the translation facilitator and with other team members • Prepare any supplementary materials needed to provide essential background information (e.g., book introduction, glossary entries, footnotes). • Keyboard the translation on a computer (if not already keyboarded). • Test with other speakers of the language. The translation should be tested at this point with at least two other individuals or groups. • For the first two or three books translated, the consultant check will come at this point. • For other books it will usually come at a later stage (see below).

12. Revise the translation in the light of suggestions and comments • Make a revised draft. This is done by the translators and the translation facilitator. • Enter the changes on the computer disk.

13. Second Draft Phase • Proofread and carefully check the corrections against the former printout. • Review • Prepare copies of the translation for Reviewers and for testing with other speakers.(These would probably be computer printouts or photo copies from the computer version.) • Send copies to Reviewers (with a system for gathering in comments).Sometimes the reviewing work is done most effectively through personal interaction as reviewers meet together to discuss the translation and make their suggestions for improvement. • Test the translation further with other speakers.The translator may think that the translation means one thing, but when he or she tests to find out what other people understand from the translation, he may discover that to the hearers the meaning is something quite different from what he intended. So plenty of testing with speakers of the language is needed to find out whether the translation is communicating the message accurately and clearly.

14. Check with a translation consultant (if not checked at an earlier stage) • Make a written back-translation. Where possible, the back-translation should be made by a mother-tongue speaker, someone other than the translator, so that it reflects what the text means to a speaker of the language. • Team check the back-translation, and revise. • Do a verse-by-verse check with a translation consultant. This is done by the translation consultant and translation team, with other mother-tongue speakers. • Incorporate revisions.

15. Test the translation • Prepare and distribute trial copies of the translation for testing in local churches. • Gather feedback. • Revise the translation in the light of suggestions and comments • Translators and translation facilitator revise the translation • Enter the changes on the computer disk.

16. Preparation for Publication Phase Preparation for Publication Phase • Choose illustrations and maps (if used).The translation team and the reviewers or the local Translation Planning Committee decide on what is best. They also double check any other supplementary material. • Check for consistency in translation.For example, check that parallel passages in the gospels are the same where they should be the same, that all proper names are spelled consistently, that key biblical terms are, where appropriate and depending on the context, translated consistently. Also check for consistency in handling numbers, money amounts, weights and measures, et al., also translation of features such as rhetorical questions, figures of speech, genitive constructions, et. al.

17. Check the consistency of mechanical details • Section breaks, section headings and paragraph breaks • Spelling, and the transliteration of loan words • Use of capital letters, punctuation, and hyphenation • Chapter and verse numbers, and cross-references • Standard format markers, and special characters • Layout and format (indentation, style, etc.) of Old Testament quotations, poetry, and lists. • For all these checks, computer programs are of enormous help, but a lot of painstaking human labor is needed, too.

18. Check the accuracy of the translation, comparing back carefully with the source texts. In the course of improving the clarity and naturalness of the translation, inaccuracies may have crept in. So a final check for accuracy is always needed • Read through the translation. The translation team and church representatives need to get together to review and see whether they are all satisfied that the translation is really ready to go for publication, and to discuss and resolve any remaining problems. • Check prepublication requirements. The translation team need to make a last check with the translation consultant to make sure that all the final checks have been covered and to discuss any remaining problems.

19. Final approval from the translation consultant and Branch Director. • Proceed to the typesetting phase. Here a computer typesetting supervisor will guide the team through the stages of pre-typesetting checks, paging, placing of illustrations and footnotes (if used), until, finally, the photo-ready copy is ready to go to the printers. • Publish!