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Multiple Sleep Mode Leakage Control for Cache Peripheral Circuits in Embedded Processors

On-chip caches in high-performance processors consume a significant portion of chip budget and suffer from substantial leakage power, primarily from SRAM cells and peripheral circuits. This research explores architectural techniques to mitigate leakage in peripheral circuits while maintaining performance. It introduces innovative Zig-Zag sharing schemes that optimize area efficiency and minimize power overhead when waking up from sleep modes. The study emphasizes the importance of low power modes in DL1 caches, revealing that up to 85% of the time, DL1 peripherals are in low power states, showcasing effective leakage control strategies.

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Multiple Sleep Mode Leakage Control for Cache Peripheral Circuits in Embedded Processors

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  1. Multiple Sleep Mode Leakage Control for Cache Peripheral Circuits in Embedded Processors Houman Homayoun, Avesta Makhzan, Alex Veidenbaum Dept. of Computer Science, UC Irvine hhomayou@ics.uci.edu

  2. On-chip Caches and Power • On-chip caches in high-performance processors are large • more than 60% of chip budget • Dissipate significant portion of power via leakage • Much of it was in the SRAM cells • Many architectural techniques proposed to remedy this • Today, there is also significant leakage in the peripheral circuits of an SRAM (cache) • In part because cell design has been optimized Pentium M processor die photo Courtesy of intel.com • Using minimal sized transistor for area considerations in cells and larger, faster and accordingly more leaky transistors to satisfy timing requirements in peripherals. • Using high vt transistors in cells compared with typical threshold voltage transistors in peripherals

  3. Leakage Power Component of Different Cache Size • SRAM peripheral circuits dissipate more than 80% of the total leakage power

  4. A Zig-Zag Circuit • Rpeq for the first and third inverters and Rneq for the second and fourth inverters doesn’t change. • Fall time of the circuit does not change

  5. A Zig-Zag Share Circuit • To improve leakage reduction and area-efficiency of the zig-zag scheme, using one set of sleep transistors shared between multiple stages of inverters (ICCD’08) • Zig-Zag Horizontal Sharing • Minimize impact on rise time • Minimize area overhead • Zig-Zag Horizontal and Vertical Sharing • Maximize leakage power saving • Minimize the area overhead Increasing the bias voltage increases the leakage power while decreases the wakeup delay overhead

  6. Multiple Sleep Modes • Power overhead of waking up peripheral circuits • Almost equivalent to the switching power of sleep transistors • Sharing a set of sleep transistors horizontally and vertically for multiple stages of a (wordline) driver makes the power overhead even smaller

  7. Low-end Architecture • Given the miss service time of 30 cycles • likely that processor stalls during the miss service period • Occurrence of additional cache misses while one DL1 cache miss is already pending further increases the chance of pipeline stall

  8. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% fft bc gs crc sha pgp gsm mad lame qsort djpeg tiff2bw search dijkstra patricia rijndael average basicmath susan_edges susan_corners hp trivial-lp lp aggr-lp ultra-lp Low Power Modes in a 2KB DL1 Cache • 85% of the time DL1 peripherals put into low power modes • Most of the time spent in the basic-lp mode (58% of total execution time) Fraction of total execution time DL1 cache spends in each of the power mode

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