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Introduction to Networking: Key Concepts, Components, and Standards

Discover the fundamentals of networking in this comprehensive lesson. Learn about telephony and convergence networking, network topologies, and the OSI reference model. Understand the TCP/IP suite and the differences between LANs and WANs. Gain insights into server-based and peer-to-peer networks, Network Operations Centers (NOCs), and various network components. This lesson emphasizes the importance of standards and protocols in achieving effective network communication, along with contemporary networking technologies and their roles in today's digital landscape.

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Introduction to Networking: Key Concepts, Components, and Standards

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  1. Network Technology Associate v2.0

  2. Lesson 1:Introduction to Networking

  3. Lesson 1 Objectives • Define telephony and convergence networking • Identify network topologies • Describe the OSI/RM and the packet-creation process • Define the nature and purpose of TCP/IP • Define LANs and WANs • Describe server-based and peer-to-peer networks • Describe a Network Operations Center (NOC) • Describe peer-to-peer and server-based networks • Distinguish between distributed architectures and database models

  4. Telephony and Convergence Networking • PSTN – still an integral part of the Internet infrastructure because it furnishes most of the long-distance connections • Voice over IP (VoIP) – voice transmissions are delivered in digital form as packets of data using an Internet connection and hardware or software installed on personal computers • Unified communications enable voice to be converted into text, and vice versa • Presencing – the ability for devices to automatically track and report your location and availability

  5. Mainframes • Mainframe (centralized) computing provided the first practical network solution • Retrieving information from mainframes • Mainframe liabilities • The future of mainframes • Mainframes and cloud computing / Software as a Service (SaaS)

  6. Mainframe Networking Model

  7. Client/Server Model • Client/server model (distributed computing) divides processing tasks between the client and the server

  8. Client/Server Model (cont'd) • Client/server model databases and SQL • Hadoop • Client/server advantages • Two-tier, three-tier and n-tier computing

  9. Network Operations Center (NOC) • A specific location from which a network is managed, monitored and maintained • Central point for network maintenance and troubleshooting • Generally includes multiple, redundant network connections and redundant power supplies • Many have dedicated phone lines from a separate provider and mobile phones to ensure communication in an emergency

  10. Networking Categories • Peer-to-peer • Microsoft peer-to-peer • P2P • Centralized or decentralized • Server-based • UNIX/Linux • Microsoft Windows Server

  11. Network Topologies • Bus • Star • Ring • Hybrid • Mesh

  12. Network Operating Systems • Operating systems that manage network resources • Interoperability • Microsoft Windows • UNIX/Linux

  13. OSI Reference Model • Defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1983 • Gives developers universal concepts so they can develop and perfect protocols that can work with operating system and network products developed by other vendors • Explains the framework used to connect heterogeneous systems • Describes the process of packet creation (how the layers communicate)

  14. OSI Model Layers

  15. Packets • Packets consist of: • Header (OSI/RM layer information) • Actual data • Trailer (information that validates the packet) • CRC

  16. Packet Creation (Adding Headers)

  17. OSI/RM Protocol Examples • Application layer • SMTP, DNS, FTP, HTTP, SMB, NFS • Transport layer • TCP • Network layer • IP • Data link layer • Ethernet, Token Ring

  18. MajorNetworking Protocols • Connection-oriented (stateful) • Connectionless (stateless) • Routable • Non-routable

  19. Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) • Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol • A collection of protocols • TCP • IP • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • An open standard

  20. Binding Protocols • Binding protocols • You must attach, or bind, protocols to your NIC • Protocols and binding order

  21. Local AreaNetworks (LANs) • A group of computers connected within a confined geographic area • Commonly used for intra-office communication

  22. Wide AreaNetworks (WANs) • A group of computers connected over an expansive geographic area

  23. Internet Exchange Point (IXP) • Internet backbones • Segments

  24. Lesson 1 Summary • Define telephony and convergence networking • Identify network topologies • Describe the OSI/RM and the packet-creation process • Define the nature and purpose of TCP/IP • Define LANs and WANs • Describe server-based and peer-to-peer networks • Describe a Network Operations Center (NOC) • Describe peer-to-peer and server-based networks • Distinguish between distributed architectures and database models

  25. Lesson 2:Networking Components and Standards

  26. Lesson 2 Objectives • Identify common network components • Identify transmission media and types • Define wireless network technologies • Describe IEEE LAN standards • Describe T and E carriers • Identify the requirements and benefits of virtualization

  27. CommonNetwork Components • Network Interface Cards (NICs) • Hubs • Bridges • Routers • Switches • Channel Service Unit / Data Service Unit (CSU/DSU) • Modems • Firewalls

  28. TransmissionMedia • Twisted-pair cable • Coaxial cable • Fiber-optic cable • Wireless technologies

  29. Wireless Network Technologies • Wireless communications use spread spectrum technologies • OFDM • DSSS • MIMO • Wireless networking modes • Ad-hoc • Infrastructure • Wireless access point (AP) • Wireless AP security features • Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) • Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) • MAC address filtering

  30. Wireless Network Technologies (cont'd) • Wireless management software • Suitability of a wireless LAN

  31. Transmission Types • Synchronous transmission • Asynchronous transmission • Data transmission flow • Simplex • Half duplex • Full duplex

  32. IEEE LAN Standards • IEEE 802.2 • Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 • IEEE 802.3u — Fast Ethernet • IEEE 802.3z and 802.3ab — Gigabit Ethernet • IEEE 802.3ae — 10-Gigabit Ethernet • IEEE 802.5 — Token Ring • IEEE 802.11 — Wireless Ethernet

  33. T-Carrier System

  34. E-Carrier System

  35. Virtualization • Virtualization allows you to run multiple virtual operating systems and applications on a single physical computer • VMware • Parallels • VirtualBox • Requirements for virtualization • Benefits of virtualization

  36. Lesson 2 Summary • Identify common network components • Identify transmission media and types • Define wireless network technologies • Describe IEEE LAN standards • Describe T and E carriers • Identify the requirements and benefits of virtualization

  37. Lesson 3:Connecting to the Internet

  38. Lesson 3 Objectives • Identify mobile devices and operating systems • Define the nature and purpose of TCP/IP • Explain the routing process • Discuss routing protocols • Describe port numbers and their functions • Compare and contrast IPv4 and IPv6 • Explain IP addressing, subnet masks, subnet prefix length, and the use of public and private IP addresses • Define the TCP/IP properties needed to configure a typical workstation • Describe various diagnostic tools for troubleshooting TCP/IP networks

  39. Mobile Computing • Using technology while “on the go” • Smartphones • Tablets • Netbooks • Portable media players

  40. Mobile Devices and Cloud Computing • Mobile devices are the perfect clients for cloud computing • Mobile devices, peripherals and memory • Mobile device advantages

  41. Configuring a Wireless Network • Plug in the wireless AP • Configure the wireless AP's SSID, encryption level and shared key • Insert the wireless NIC into the computer • Choose a networking protocol and configure the protocol for each client • Configure each computer's wireless NIC to use the wireless AP • Troubleshoot the connection • Configure additional security features • Plug the wireless AP into a wired network (optional)

  42. Fourth-Generation (4G) Wireless • Dedicated to mobile devices • 4G mobile hotspot • Bluetooth

  43. TCP/IP • All devices that connect to the Internet use TCP/IP • Allows computers to communicate • Internet addresses

  44. Internet Architecture

  45. Internet Protocols • Network access layer • Internet layer • Transport layer • Application layer

  46. Demultiplexing

  47. Introduction to Routing • Direct routing • Indirect routing • Routing process • Routing information tables • Static vs. dynamic routing

  48. Routing Protocols • Interior vs. exterior protocols • Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and RIPv2 • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

  49. Port Numbers • 16‑bit integer value that identifies a communication channel to a specific user process • FTP = Port 21 • HTTP = Port 80 • DNS = Port 53 • SMTP = Port 25

  50. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) • Was the primary Internet address system until advent of IPv6 • IPv4 addresses are now depleted • Subnet mask • Distinguishes the network and host portions of an IPv4 address • Specifies whether a destination address is local or remote

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