1 / 13

### Understanding Human Senses: Mechanisms of Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation ###

This review explores the intricacies of human sensory systems, detailing the processes of sensation, perception, and sensory adaptation. It examines different sensory receptors, including chemoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors, while also categorizing senses into exteroceptive, visceroreceptive, and proprioceptive. The review delves into the mechanisms behind taste and smell, auditory processing, equilibrium, and vision. It's designed to provide clarity on how our brain interprets stimuli and the physiological responses that follow, enhancing our understanding of human perception. ###

kirby
Télécharger la présentation

### Understanding Human Senses: Mechanisms of Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation ###

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Senses Review By Jasmine Luck, Brianna Hebert, Nicole Hickman, Molly Spitters, AshkanShahbandi Per. 3

  2. Sensation- A feeling that occurs when brain becomes aware of sensory impulse Perception- A person’s view of the stimulus; the way the brain interprets the information Projection- Process in which the brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source Sensory adaptation- ability to ignore unimportant stimulus Chemoreceptors- respond to changes in chemical concentrations Pain receptors- (nociceptors) respond to tissue damage Thermoreceptors- respond to changes in temperature Mechanoreceptors- respond to mechanical forces Photoreceptors- respond to light

  3. General senses: Joint, muscle, skin, visceral senses. • Three groups: exteroceptive(body surface senses), visceroreceptive (changes in viscera), and proprioceptive (muscle/tendon changes) • Touch and Pressure Senses: Free nerve endings (sense itching), Meissner’s corpuscles (fine touch), and Pacinian corpuscles (heavy pressure and vibrations) • Warm recepetors(sensitive above 25⁰C, unresponsive above 45 ⁰C) • Cold receptors (sensitive between 10⁰C and 20⁰C) • Pain receptors(respond below 10⁰C and above 45⁰C) • Visceral Pain is “referred pain” • Acute pain fibers (A-delta fibers) • Chronic pain fibers (C fibers)

  4. Olfactory System: • Pathway: Olfactory nerves -> olfactory bulbs -> olfactory tracts -> limbic system -> olfactory cortex • Olfactory code: a hypothesis about how certain odors stimulate a set of receptor cells and its associated receptor cells and proteins.

  5. Sense of Taste • Taste Buds: located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks, walls of pharnx • Taste receptors: Taste cells (chemoreceptors)+Taste hairs (microvilli that protrude from taste cells) • Primary taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter (spicy activates pain and sour receptors) • Cranial nerves=>medulla oblangata=>thalamus=>gustatory cortex

  6. Hearing • External ear: auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane • Middle ear: tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, oval window • Auditory tube: eustachian tube connects middle ear to throat (maintain equal pressure on both sides of tymp. membrane) • Inner ear: osseous (perilymph)+membranous (endolymph) labyrinth; cochlea, semiciruclar canals, vestibule • Cochlea composed of scalavestibuli + tympani, cochlear duct, vestibular membrane, basilar membrane • Organ of Corti: hair cells on surface of basilar membrane, different frequencies of vibration move different parts of membrane

  7. Equlibrium Static Equilibrium: Vestibule (utricle, saccule, macula); sense position of head when body is not moving Dynamic Equilibrium: semicircular canals (ampulla, crista ampullaris); sense rotation and movement of head and body

  8. Visual • Eyelid: papebra(skin, muscle, connective tissue, conjunctiva), orbicularis oculi (closes), levatorpalperbraesuperioris (opens), conjunctiva (mucous membrane) • Lacrimal Apparatus (lacrimal gland => canaliculi => lacrimal sac => nasolacrimal duct) • Extrinsic eye muscles (superior rectus rotates up+medially, inferior rectus rotates down+medially, medial rectus rotates medially, lateral rectus rotates laterally, superior oblique rotates down+laterally, inferior oblique rotates up+laterally)

  9. Visual Cont. • Outer tunic: cornea (light refraction), sclera (protection) • Middle tunic: iris (controls light intensity), ciliary body (holds+moves lens), choroid coat (vascular region) • Anterior portion of eye filled with aqueous humor • Lens: transparent, biconvex, lies behind iris • Accommodation: changing lens shape to view objects • Pupil: hole in iris • Inner tunic: retina (visual receptors), macula lutea (yellowish spot in retina), fovea centralis (sharpest vision), optic disk (blind spot), vitreous humor in posterior cavity (thick gel holds retina against choroid coat) • Vision: cornea=>aqueous humor=>lens=>vitreous humor=>retinal layers=>photoreceptor cells

  10. Visual Cont. • Retinal neurons: Receptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells (provide pathway for impulses) • Horizontal cells and amacrine cells (modify impulses) • Refraction: bending of light • Convex causes convergence (hyperopia), concave causes divergence (myopia) • Rods (more sensitive, colorless vision, dark+dim light, blurry), cones (colored vision, sharp) • Rods: rhodopsin • Cones: erythrolabe (red), chlorolabe (green), cyanolabe (blue) • Stereoscopic vision: perception of distance+depth

More Related