Eukaryotic Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Chemoheterotrophic Most are decomposers

1. The Fungi • Eukaryotic • Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic • Chemoheterotrophic • Most are decomposers • Mycology is the study of fungi

2. Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) • Systemic mycoses: Deep within body • Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin • Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails • Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts • Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi

3. Mycology: The Study of Fungi Table 12.2

4. Fungi Table 12.1

5. Molds • The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium. Figure 12.2

6. Yeasts • Unicellular fungi • Fission yeasts divide symmetrically • Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically Figure 12.3

7. Dimorphism • Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C Figure 12.4

8. Fungal Life Cycle Figure 12.7

9. Asexual Spores • Sporangiosphore • Conidiospore • Arthrospore • Blastoconidium • Chlamydospore Figure 12.1

10. Conidiospores Figure 12.5a–c

11. Sexual Reproduction • Plasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–). • Karyogamy: + and – nuclei fuse. • Meiosis:Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores).

12. Sexual Spores • Zygospore: Fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore. Figure 12.6

13. Sexual Spores • Ascospore: Formed in a sac (ascus). Figure 12.7

14. Sexual Spores • Basidiospore: Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium). Figure 12.8

15. Zygomycota • Conjugation fungi • Coenocytic • Produce sporangiospores and zygospores • Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses)

16. Zygomycete Life Cycle Figure 12.6

17. Ascomycota • Sac fungi • Septate • Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores. • Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis) • Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses) • Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses)

18. Ascomycete Life Cycle Figure 12.7

19. Basidiomycota • Club fungi • Septate • Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores. • Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis)

20. Basidiomycete Life Cycle Figure 12.8

21. Lichens • Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus. • Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast.

22. Lichens Figure 12.10

23. The Algae • Eukaryotic • Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular (thallic) • Most are photoautotrophs

24. Algae Table 12.1

25. Algae Figure 12.11a

26. Algae Figure 12.12b

27. Phaeophyta • Brown algae (kelp) • Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls • Multicellular • Chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls • Store carbohydrates • Harvested for algin Figure 12.11b

28. Rhodophyta • Red algae • Cellulose cell walls • Most are multicellular • Chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins • Store glucose polymer • Harvested for agar and carrageenan Figure 12.11c

29. Chlorophyta • Green algae • Cellulose cell walls • Unicellular or multicellular • Chlorophyll a and b • Store glucose polymer • Gave rise to plants Figure 12.12a

30. Bacillariophyta • Diatoms • Pectin and silica cell walls • Unicellular • Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls • Store oil • Fossilized diatoms formed oil • Produce domoic acid Figure 12.13

31. Dinoflagellata • Dinoflagellates • Cellulose in plasma membrane • Unicellular • Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins • Store starch • Some are symbionts in marine animals • Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning Figure 12.14

32. The Protozoa Table 12.1

33. Protozoa • Eukaryotic • Unicellular • Chemoheterotrophs • Vegetative form is a trophozoite. • Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony. • Sexual reproduction by conjugation. • Some produce cysts. Figure 12.16

34. Archaezoa • No mitochondria • Multiple flagella • Giardia lamblia • Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage) Figure 12.17b–d

35. Microspora • No mitochondria • Nonmotile • Intracellular parasites • Nosema

36. Amoebozoa • Move by pseudopods • Entamoeba • Acanthamoeba Figure 12.18a

37. Apicomplexa • Nonmotile • Intracellular parasites • Complex life cycles • Plasmodium • Babesia • Cryptosporidium • Cyclospora

38. Plasmodium 2 3 8 7 6 Figure 12.19

39. Cryptosporidium Figure 25.19

40. Ciliophora (Ciliates) • Move by cilia • Complex cells • Balantidium coli is the only human parasite. Figure 12.20

41. Euglenozoa • Move by flagella • Photoautotrophs • Euglenoids • Chemoheterotrophs • Naegleria: Flagellated and amoeboid forms; causes meningoencephalitis. • Trypanosoma: Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectors. • Leishmania: Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host.

42. Euglenozoa Figure 12.21

43. Oomycota • Water molds • Cellulose cell walls • Multicellular • Chemoheterotrophic • Produce zoospores • Decomposers and plant parasites • Phytophthorainfestans responsible for Irish potato blight • P. cinnamomi infects Eucalyptus. • P. ramorum causes sudden oak death. Figure 12.15

44. Cellular slime molds Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis. Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body. Some cells become spores. Plasmodial slime molds Multinucleated large cells. Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia. Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores. Slime Molds

45. Cellular Slime Mold Figure 12.22

46. Plasmodial Slime Mold Figure 12.23 (1 of 2)

47. Slime Molds • Why are slime molds included with the Amoebozoa? Figure 12.23 (2 of 2)

48. The Helminths Table 12.1

49. Helminths (Parasitic Worms) • Eukaryotic • Multicellular animals • Chemoheterotrophic • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Class: Trematodes (flukes) • Class: Cestodes (tapeworms) • Phylum: Nematodes (roundworms)

50. Trematodes Figure 12.25