New Horizon College English

New Horizon College English Unit 2 Section A Environmental Protection Throughout the World 新视野

Pre-reading Activities Text Analysis Background information Compound dictation Questions & Answers Watch & Discuss Main idea and devices for developing it Expressions & Patterns Summary How to apply to our real life the typical expressions and patterns taken from the text Blank filling Exercises Paragraph Writing All the exercises for Section A 说明文写作技巧

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Background Information Acquaint yourself with some relevant information Compound Dictation Listen to a passage and fill in the missing words. Questions & Answers Listen to a passage and answer some questions. Watch & Discuss Watch the video and discuss the given topics.

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Back Background Information Ecology Ecology is the study of the relationships among plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balance among these relationships. Please look at the website given (http://www. ecostudies. org) for more exciting information. 下一页

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Back Background Information Grand Banks Grand Banks is a vast extension of the ocean off southeast Newfoundland(纽芬兰岛) in the North Atlantic, one of the world’s greatest cod-fishing grounds. Visit the website http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Heritage/NGB/ to learn more about Canada’s fishing industry. 上一页下一页

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Back Compound Dictation Directions: You will hear a passage. It will be read twice. Listen carefully and supply the missing words.

unchanging perfect recycling used falls places sink It might disappear into the air quickly It might run off into streams, rivers and oceans nature can keep the balance and provide plenty of clean water for us Back Nature has an __________ amount of water.Nature has a ______ system of _______ water.Water is ____ again and again. It _____ as rain. Then it goes to one of three______. It might ____ slowly through the soil into the natural holding areas in the rock. _________ _________________________ by becoming vapor, or gas. __________________________ _______________. By itself, ________________ ________________________________________.

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Back Questions & Answers 1. Why are most countries not concerned about environmental awareness? key 2. Which two countries have taken steps to protect their rain forests? key 3.Which is the most polluted industrial area in the world? What is the result of this pollution? key

In most parts of the world, people have no knowledge or consciousness about protection of the natural world. In fact, they are more interested in the development of their economy. For one reason, one country’s economy is often viewed as the key index to its national power whereas its environment is often seen as nothing but a symbol of its beauty. For another, developing the economy can bring immediate profits to a country while protecting the environment can hardly produce any profits in a short term. Therefore, most countries try every means to develop their economy at the cost of their natural environment. Reference Words: have no knowledge or consciousness about, be interested in, for one reason, for another, at the cost of key 返回

As damage to our environment increases, people in a number of areas all over the world have changed their attitudes quickly. Meanwhile, some nations are developing programs to protect their natural resources. Two typical examples of countries include Costa Rica and Brazil, both of which have taken measures to protect their rain forests. The former issued new laws and created parks and natural preserves while the latter took steps to protect its Amazon rain forests. Reference Words: change one’s attitude, protect the natural resources, typical example, take measure, the former, the latter key 返回

As the global economy develops, many parts of the world are facing the threat from industrial pollution. But among all the seriously polluted areas all over the world, Eastern Europe, with many industrialized countries, is considered to be the most polluted industrial area in the world. The pollution there is so terrible that it has led to considerable environmental problems. From biological point of view, the rivers, land and forests are now dead . Reference Words: develop, face the threat, be considered to be, so…that, from…point of view key 返回

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say 1. What’s the significance of environment to us? key 2. What should we do to cope with the worsening environment? key Video watching Back Watch & Discuss Directions: Watch the video and then discuss the topics as follows:

返回 Rainforest

Summary: Environment means the land, water, and air we live by. Environment is the earth, which is the only planet and home for human race. None of us would doubt we will never survive unless we live in harmony with nature. We are merely a small part of nature. However, driven by the idea of “Man can conquer nature”(人定胜天), we have been acting like a master of nature though we’ll never be, thus doing whatever we want for thousands of years. Bitter lessons from the history teach us that we are just a common member of the big family of nature and any bad treatment of nature will meet only with the revenge from her. Aware of our actual position in nature, we have to understand environment in a new light that we protect ourselves through protecting the environment. We can find no better examples than the rainforest as we see from the video. The rainforest, abundantwith plants and wild animals, helps to maintain the earth’s ecological balance as green mantles (绿色斗篷) and oxygen bars (氧吧). Once such ecosystem is ruined, the wildlife, together with mankind, will stand no chance to survive on this planet. Thus while seeking to develop our economy, we should never neglect environmental protection. In fact, protecting the environment should be a top priority. >>>more Ways of thinking: 1. What is the relationship between man and environment? 2. What attitudes should we hold towards environment? key 返回

Summary:Just as the video reveals to us, in the past, the natural environment, with pure water, clean air and green trees, was in favorable condition, in which all the wildlife lived in harmony. But because of man’s overexploitation of nature, the environment has received more damage than ever before. Forests, vital to human life, are shrinkingat an alarming speed throughout the world; greenhouse effectleads to global warming, making the earth less suitable for life; the phenomena of El Nino and La Ninaconfront the earth with more flood and drought. All this contributes to the worsening of environment, and that forms a greater threat to our survival. No one can deny the cold fact that man isresponsible for such an unfavorable environment. Faced with the situation, what shall we do ? “Better late than never.”(亡羊补牢，为时未晚) The solution to the problem, to my way ofthinking, is far beyond the scope of science and technology. It lies, to a great extent, with the attitudes and values rooted in the minds of millions of people. Therefore, first of all, we should convince people ofan environmental awareness. Besides, we should take immediate measures to place strict control over human activities apt to do damage to the environment. Only in this way will we regain the lost paradise of harmony. >>>more Ways of thinking: 1. What is the realistic situation we are in now? 2. What measures should we take to solve the present environmental problems? key 返回

II. Text Analysis: Analysis of Each Part Main Idea & Structure New Words & Text New Words Main Idea Part Ⅰ Structure Part Ⅱ Text

II. Text Analysis—New Words Back • global • ecology • undertake • initiative • abundant • cod • species • herring • fisherman • ambitious • diverse • diversity • tropical • clear-cut • erosion • extensive • series • jungle • colony • colonize • reverse • tax • finance • conflict • industrialize • (industrialise) • contaminate • contamination to be continued

II. Text Analysis—New Words Back • biology • biologically • treaty • fund • explosive • removal • sponsor • cash • cassava • maize • generate • regenerate • observer • strengthen • impact • frown • shelter • wage • massive • ad • induce • inducement • convert • target • Phrases & Expressions • concern with • regardless of • spring up • take measures to • as a result of to be continued

II. Text Analysis —New Words Back • Danube • Ghana • Indonesia/ Indonesian • Islam • Mecca • Saudi Arabia • aim at • agree to • set up • lead to • cash crop • birth control • Proper Names • Canada / • Canadian • Grand Banks • Costa Rica • Brazil • Amazon • Indian • Poland • Hungary • Czech • Slovak • Elbe River • Oder

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Environmental Protection Throughout the World IntroductionPara.1 In most parts of the world, environmental awareness does not exist. The great majority of nationsconcern themselves witheconomic development, regardless of its effect on the global ecology. But in recent years, as environmental damage has increased, signs of change have sprung up in various pockets around the world. The following are a few examples of countriesundertaking new environmental initiatives. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Canada Para. 2 When European explorers first came to the New World, the fishing grounds off what would become eastern Canada and New England held abundant cod and other species. The area, called the Grand Banks, was the most abundant fishing ground in the world. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back (Canada) Para. 3 Now, 500 years later, excessive fishing has reduced the number of fish to dangerously low levels. In response, Canada has closed the area to cod fishing and set strict limits on catches of other species. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Para. 4When Canada took similar measures to protect the supply of herring in the 1970s, the fish eventually recovered. But experts say that some species today have been so wasted, they may never recover. The government also faces protests from Canadian fishermen. About 40,000 are now unemployed as a result of the fishing bans and loss of their fish supply. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Costa Rica Para. 5 This Central American country has one of the most ambitious programs in the world to preserve the ecological diversity of its tropical rain forests. Much of the country has already been clear-cut, and soil erosion has been extensive. But a series of new environmental laws, together with the creation of parks and nature preserves that cover one quarter of the country, are aimed at protecting Costa Rica’s remaining forests. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Brazil Para. 6 Brazil is home to the world’s largest jungle rain forest, the Amazon. For decades, the government sought to colonize and develop the Amazon, bringing severe environmental disaster to the area and its people. Para. 7 But in 1991, under pressure from environmentalists around the world, Brazil reversed course. It ended tax favors that had encouraged clearing of the Amazon rain forest, and agreed to a plan to finance new forest protection projects. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Para. 8Cattle farmers, miners, and settlers have protested the move and continue to destroy the forests, although at a slower pace than before. The conflict enlarged last year when miners killed a group of Amazon Indians in order to seize their land. The government promises it will protect the region’s native people, but questions remain as to its true level of commitment. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Eastern Europe Para. 9 The nations of Eastern Europe, including Poland, Hungary, and the Czech and Slovak Republics, are considered the most polluted of all the world’s industrialized countries. Heavy metals from coal mining have contaminated much of the area’s waters. Rivers, land, and forests are so contaminated that many are now biologically dead. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Para. 10In a special series of treaties, Eastern European countries and other nations, including the United States, have set up special funds for environmental cleanups and improving the region’s power plants. In addition, Germany and the Czech Republic have signed a treaty to protect the Elbe River from further contamination. Experts say the treaty could serve as a model for protecting other rivers in the region, including the Oder and Danube. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Ghana Para. 11 Ghana’s population has been growing by 3.2 percent a year. This explosive growth has led to removal of forests in much of the country, and excessive use of existing farmland. Forests have been cut down at the rate of 278 square miles a year. 下一页上一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Para. 12In response, the government has urged local villages to create more shared farmland. It has sponsored the growing of cash crops such as cassava, maize, cotton, and the planting of trees to regenerate waste land. Observers say the program has succeeded in strengthening the country’s agricultural base andbringing a new source of wealth to villagers. But it remains to be seen whether these measures will have enough impact toslow the rate of removing the forests. 下一页上一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Indonesia Para. 13Indonesians have traditionally favored large families, and their major religion, Islam, frowns on birth control. But with 188 million people, the country is now struggling to provide enough food, shelter, and employment for its people. In recent years, the government has waged a massive ad campaign to encourage birth control, offering inducements such as free trips to Mecca, the birthplace of Islam in Saudi Arabia. 上一页下一页

II. Text Analysis —Text Back Para. 14The government has succeeded in increasing use of birth control from 10 percent of the population 20 years ago to 49 percent today. As a result, the average number of births has been cut from 5.6 children per woman to 3. The government hopes to reduce this average to 2.1 children per woman by 2005. But with such a large population base, the country must still convert millions more to the idea of birth control if it is to reach its population targets. 上一页

Back II. Text Analysis--Main Idea What is the text mainly about? As the world economy develops dramatically, the environmental damage has been becoming increasingly severe. Therefore, many countries in the world, which used to pay little attention to environmental protection, now begin to undertake diverse initiatives to reverse the current trend. The typical examples of such countries include Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil, Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia.

Back II. Text Analysis-- Structure How is the text organized? For details With subtitles, the structure of the whole passage becomes quite clear. The “introduction”, which serves as part one, introduces the main point which the author is going to illustrate. The following paragraphs, the body part of the whole passage, support the main point through several examples. So the whole passage is developed through exemplification.

Back II. Text Analysis--Structure By introducing the evil consequences of the world’s indifference to environment, the author leads the reader naturally to the main point of the whole passage: Signs of change have sprung up in various pockets around the world. To illustrate the signs of change in some parts of the world, the author cites six typical examples of countries: Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil, Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia. The examples are effectively employed by following the problem- solution pattern. Main point of the whole passage (Para. 1) Illustrations of the main point through exemplification (Paras. 2-14)

Back II. Text Analysis-- Main Idea and Devices for Developing It For details Main idea? Part I Introduction (Para. 1) Because of the increasing environmental damage, many countries around the world have changed their attitudes and have even taken action towards the damage. Devices for developing it? Part II Phenomenon-describing (现象法)

Phenomenon-describing(现象法) Back Describing a phenomenon or concrete situation is a common method to start a passage : In this part, the author first describes the situation around the world: most countries are careless about the environment, and the environmental damage has increased. Then the author naturally introduces the main point to be expanded in the next part: more countries have changed their attitudes and even taken actions to solve the environmental problems. 返回

Back II. Text Analysis-- Main Idea and Devices for Developing It For details For details Main idea? Part I As the environmental damage has increased, many countries including Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil, Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia have taken diverse measures to protect the environment. Part II Body part (Paras. 2-14) Devices for developing it? Exemplification (例证法) Problem-solution pattern (问题-解决法)

Back Exemplification (例证法) Typical examples to illustrate the main point: 2. Costa Rica issued new laws and created parks and nature preserves to protect its rain forests. (Para. 5) 3. Brazil has taken steps to protect the Amazon rain forests.(Para. 6-8) 4. Eastern European countries have dealt with the water pollution. (Para. 9-10) 5. Ghana strengthened its agricultural base and developed a new source of income . (Para. 11-12) 6. Indonesian government has taken measures to encourage birth control and provide enough food, shelter and employment. (Para. 13-14) Main point :Serious environmental problems have prompted many countries to take effective measures.(Para. 1) Transitional sentence :The following are a few examples of countries undertaking new environmental initiatives. Typical examples to illustrate the main point:1.Canada protects its fish supply by closing fish areas and setting strict limits. (Para. 2-4) 返回

Back Problem-solution pattern (问题-解决法) For details The author of this article lists a few examples of countries undertaking new environmental initiatives. Most of the examples are presented in a problem-solution structure. Some of the examples are presented in a very common writing structure--- a situation-problem-solution-result / evaluation.

Back Problem-solution pattern (问题-解决法) For details Typical example presented by problem-solution pattern: Indonesia(Para. 13-14) Situation:Indonesians have traditionally favored large families, and their major religion, Islam, frowns upon birth control. Problem: With 188 million people, the country is now struggling to provide enough food, shelter, and employment for its people.

Problem-solution pattern (问题-解决法) Back Solution: The government has waged a massive ad campaign to encourage birth control, offering inducements such as free trips to Mecca. Result : The government has succeeded in increasing use of birth control from 10 percent of the population 10 years ago to 49 percent today. Evaluation: With a large population base, the countries must still convert millions of more to the idea of birth control so as to reach its population targets. 返回

III. Expressions & Patterns A. Expressions B. Patterns for you to use as models • 1.to concern with • 2. to spring up • to undertake initiatives • to reduce sth. to a low level • in response (to) • to set strict limits on • to take measures to do sth. • >>>more • 1. Typical patterns for describing sb.’s pre-occupation with sth. • 2. Transitional patterns for offering examples • Typical patterns for expressing doubts • Typical patterns for showing uncertainty • >>>more

III. Expressions & Patterns • 8. to face protests from • to preserve thediversity • 10. together with • 11. to seek / struggle to do sth. • 12. to reverse course • 13. to agree to a plan to do sth. • 14. to serve as a model for 15. to strengthen the base 16. to bring a new source of wealth to sb. 17. to slow the rate of doing sth. 18. to frown upon 19. to wage a campaign 20. to convert sb. to the idea of… 21. to reach the targets Back

返回课文 III. Expressions & Patterns Back 1. 关心，关注 • to concern oneself with (L. 3) 活学活用今天的年青人不应该只关心个人目标的实现，而应该胸怀祖国，放眼世界。 The young people today should not just concern themselves with the pursuit of personal goals. Instead, they should keep the entire motherland in mind and the whole world in view. 下一页

返回课文 III.Expressions & Patterns Back 2. 出现，涌现 • to spring up (L. 5) 活学活用改革开放的二十年间，一个个现代化的企业在中国大地上雨后春笋般涌现出来。 During the past twenty years of China’s reform and opening-up, thousands of modernized enterprises have sprung up around China. 下一页上一页

返回课文 III.Expressions & Patterns Back 3. 采取举措 • to undertake initiatives (L. 6) 活学活用中央政府正在采取一些新举措，确保农民收入稳定。 The central government is making some fresh initiatives to ensure a steady income for the farmers. 下一页上一页

III.Expressions & Patterns 返回课文 Back 4. 把······降到低水平; 使沦落到······ • to reduce sth. to a low level (L. 11) 活学活用高校扩招并不意味着要降低入学标准。 Increasing university enrollments doesn’t mean reducing the entrance requirements to a low level. 下一页上一页

III.Expressions & Patterns 返回课文 Back 5. 作为回答，作为反应 • in response (to) (L. 12) 活学活用许多有志的年青人坚决响应党的号召，自愿到西部山区工作。 In firm response to the Party’s call , many ambitious young people choose to work in the western mountainous areas. 下一页上一页

III. Expressions & Patterns 返回课文 Back 6. 对······做出严格限制 • to set strict limits on (L. 12) 活学活用教育部不再对参加高考者的年龄和婚姻状况做出严格的规定。 The Ministry of Education no longer sets strict limits on the age and marital status of those who intend to participate in the college entrance examinations. 上一页下一页

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