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GMO

GMO. Genetically Modified Organism. http:// www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5523262/insect-evolves-to-eat-poisonous-corn. GMO. Genetically Modified Organism Genetic material altered in a way that doesn't occur in nature Biological and medical research Pharmaceutical drugs Experimental medicine

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GMO

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  1. GMO Genetically Modified Organism

  2. http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5523262/insect-evolves-to-eat-poisonous-cornhttp://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5523262/insect-evolves-to-eat-poisonous-corn

  3. GMO Genetically Modified Organism Genetic material altered in a way that doesn't occur in nature • Biological and medical research • Pharmaceutical drugs • Experimental medicine • Agriculture • Increased needs of food • Improve quality

  4. GM Foods • Create plants with exact traits • Isolate a gene responsible for drought tolerance and insert into different plant • Genes from non-plant organisms have been introduced into plants • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria produces crystal protein toxic to caterpillars • Bt gene inserted into corn to produce the crystal protein

  5. Bacillus thuringeinsis • Bacteria • Bt discovered in 1901 by Japanese microbiologist • Crystal protein that binds to gut of certain insects • Bt spray developed in 1938 in France • Bt-modified crops first used in 1996 • Corn, cotton, and potato • Bt cotton considered ideal • Fiber harvested, not consumed • Cotton oil is free of proteins

  6. Advantages • Insect and disease resistance • Reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides • Bt corn controls corn earworm and rootworm without pesticides • Bt cotton controls bollworm

  7. Advantages Herbicide resistance • Crops immune to Round-up • Round-up Ready trademark • One application of Round-up to control weeds • Significant increase in Round-up • Traces found in the environment (US Geological Survey)

  8. Advantages Environmental tolerance • Cold • An antifreeze gene from cold water fish • Tobacco and potato • Drought • Saline

  9. Advantages Nutrition • Increase nutritional value • “Golden” rice with increased beta carotene

  10. Golden Rice • 250 million people suffer from vitamin A deficiency • Rice is a staple food in many poor countries • Contains no vitamin A • Agrobacterium used to carry beta-carotene manufacturing enzymes from daffodil and “inoculated” rice cells • Insert the new “beta-carotene” gene into rice

  11. Edible Vaccines • Cholera is a bacterial disease that causes deadly diarrhea • Countries without clean water • A vaccine “gene” identified • Vaccine “gene” is inserted into potatoes • Survives cooking • Potatoes easy to grow and ship to poor countries

  12. Healthier Food • Increase starch in potatoes • High starch potatoes absorb less oil when fried • Sugar beets to produce fructan instead of sucrose • Fructan still sweet but not digested

  13. Disadvantages Environmental Hazards • Unintended harm • Bt corn pollen affecting monarch butterflies • Gene transfer to non-target species • Herbicide-resistance genes transferring to weeds • Superweeds

  14. Disadvantages Human Health Risks • Allergenicity • Create new lethal allergies • Unknown, long-term effects

  15. Disadvantages Economic Concerns • Patented varieties expensive • Small farmers and Third World agriculture impacted • Accidental patent infringement • Watch the movie, “Food, Inc”

  16. GMO Inherently Unsafe • Process is unpredictable • Mutations occur at the gene insertion site • Study proved herbicide resistant gene in soybeans (Bt) transferred to human gut bacteria • Continued functioning • Long after consumption, GM proteins still present in organism (human)

  17. Digestive Tract Effects • FlavrSavr tomatoes created stomach lesions in rats • GM potatoes (Bt) caused abnormal cell growth in mice intestines • Several studies led to liver damage from GM foods • GM soy and potatoes affected pancreas and kidney function in mice

  18. Safety Aspects • 2008 report by Royal Society of Medicine • No ill human effects linked to GMO • 2009 report by Nutrition Reviews • Do not differ in nutrition • No detectable toxic effects • Changes have occurred at cellular level due to GMO • 2005 review in Allergy journal • No biotech proteins have been documented to cause allergic reactions

  19. http://theantimedia.org/victory-maine/ • http://www.biofortified.org/genera/ • http://www.nongmoshoppingguide.com/ • http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2909#.UxXlFONdV8E • http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/glyphosate02.html

  20. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5058.html • http://enhs.umn.edu/current/5103/gm/harmful.html • http://www.doctoroz.com/blog/mehmet-oz-md/genetically-modified-foods-good-or-bad • http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php • http://www.academia.edu/542384/A_Review_on_Impacts_of_Genetically_Modified_Food_on_Human_Health

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