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Fluid Compartments and Balance in the Body: Regulation and Measurement

Explore the distribution and regulation of body fluids, water balance, and electrolytes homeostasis. Learn about major factors influencing fluid movement between compartments and the systems involved in maintaining balance. Discover methods for measuring body fluids and calculating fluid volumes.

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Fluid Compartments and Balance in the Body: Regulation and Measurement

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  1. Body Fluids Ref: Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton and Hall, 12th Edition Pages: 285-297

  2. Fluid Compartments

  3. Fluid Compartments

  4. Water Distribution

  5. Water Distribution • Synovial • Pericardial • Pleural • Peritoneal • Ocular • Cerebrospinal Transcellular Fluids

  6. Movement of Fluids between Compartments Major factors that regulate movements: - Osmotic pressure - Hydrostatic pressure

  7. Composition of Body Fluids

  8. Water Balance

  9. Water Inputs

  10. Water Output

  11. Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis Systems involved in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Kidneys, - Cardiovascular system, • Endocrine (Pituitary, Parathyroids, Adrenal glands) • Lungs

  12. Movement of Fluids between Compartments Major factors that regulate movements: - Osmotic pressure - Hydrostatic pressure

  13. Regulation of Na+ and Water • Osmolality • Volume of ECF different regulations with many overlapping mechanisms. Involves regulation of:

  14. Importance of Na+ and Water regulation

  15. Fig. 27.05

  16. Measurements of Body Fluids

  17. Measuring Body Fluids Dilution Principle

  18. Dilution method for calculating fluid volume

  19. Properties of tracers used for calculation of volumes • Properties of an Ideal Tracer The tracer should: • be nontoxic • be rapidly and evenly distribute throughout the nominated compartment not enter any other compartment. • not be metabolized. • not be excreted (or excretion is able to be corrected for) during the equilibration period • be easy to measure • not interfere with body fluid distribution

  20. Measurement of Total Body Water * Radioactive water (3H2O, Tritium) or heavy water (2H2O, Deuterium). This will mix with the total body water in just a few hours and the dilution method for calculation can be used. * Antipyrine

  21. Measurement of ECF volumes • 22Na+, (Sodium Space) • 125I-iothalamate, • Thiosulfate, • Inulin (Inulin Space) (Measured in 30-60 minutes)

  22. Calculation of ICF (Intra- Cellular Volume) ICF= Total Body water - ECF

  23. Measurement of Plasma volumes Measurement of Total Blood Volume

  24. Fig.19.01

  25. Plasma Composition • Water: > 90% • Small molecule: 2%, it is electrolytes, nutriment, metabolic products, hormone, enzymes, etc. • Protein: 60-80 g/L, plasma protein include albumin (40-50 g/L)(54%), globulin (20-30 g/L,α1-, α2, β-, γ- ) (38%)and fibrinogen (7%). Most of albumin and globulin made from liver.

  26. Measurement of Plasma volumes Measurement of Total Blood Volume * 51Cr-labeled Red Blood Cells*Calculated As = Plasma Volume1-Hematocrit * 125I-Albumin (RISA), * Evans Blue (Dye (T1824))

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