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Minerals: Properties, Formation, and Identification

Learn about minerals, their properties, how they are formed, and how to identify them using physical characteristics. Discover the different types of minerals and their uses in various industries.

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Minerals: Properties, Formation, and Identification

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  1. Proceed to your notes! Fill in all notes for the Mineral Section ( pages 1-2)

  2. Minerals

  3. Minerals are….. • INORGANIC ( are not and never were living) • NATURAL(not made by humans) • SOLID • Definite CHEMICAL COMPOSITION • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE due to internal arrangement of atoms Hope Diamond All minerals are CRYSTALLINE, but not all are PERFECT CRYSTALS!

  4. Are all rocks minerals? • No. All minerals are rocks, but not all rocks are minerals. • Many rocks are composed of organic material (ex: coal)

  5. Is it a Mineral? • Now that you know what a mineral is. Let’s take a look at some objects and determine whether they are minerals or not.

  6. Minerals Facts • Between 3 - 4,000 have been identified • few are “native elements” ( gold, Au) • Most are compounds, especially the silicate group (Si, O). • Other important groups are oxides, carbonates, and sulfides.

  7. Common uses include: • Aluminum--packaging, transport, building • Beryllium--gemstones, fluorescent lights • Copper--electric cables, wires, switches • Feldspar--glass and ceramics • Iron--buildings, automobiles, magnets • Calcite--toothpaste, construction Guess for STAMPS!

  8. Mineral Formation • Cooling and solidification ofmagma Ex. ruby • Precipitates from water, by evaporation Chemical reactions. Ex. malachite • High temps and pressure rearrange atoms in existing minerals to form new ones Ex. Garnet

  9. Mineral Identification You NEED………………. • Glass Plate • Streak Plate • Copper Penny • Nail • HCl • Magnifying Glass • ESRT pg. 16 • Physical properties are most useful from Amethyst Galleries

  10. COLOR • COLOR • Easiest to recognize, worstto identify a mineral • Color can be due to chemical comp. & impurities

  11. STREAK • STREAK • Streak Color for a Few Common Minerals • Black - Graphite • Black - Pryite • Black - Magnetite • Black - Chalcopyrite • Gray - Galena • Limonite - Yellow-brown • Hematite - Red-brown • Color of the mineral’s powder • Good method of identification • use a streak plate

  12. LUSTER • LUSTER • How the mineral reflects light vs. Metallic Non-Metallic • Shines like a polished metal • Dull, pearly, earthy • Can shine like glass - vitreous

  13. HARDNESS • HARDNESS • Minerals resistance to being scratched • Determined by internal arrangement of atoms, & chemical bonds • Use Moh’s Scale of Hardness

  14. CLEAVAGE • Cleavage • The way a mineral naturally breaks or splits • Clean breaks along at least one side ( Flat)

  15. FRACTURE • Does not break with flat sides (uneven) • Conchoidal Fracture: Breaks like glass: sharp edges

  16. Native Elements • A group of minerals that exist in pure form • Au, Ag, Cu, S, C

  17. Carbonates • Minerals that contain both carbon and oxygen • Calcite

  18. Oxides • Minerals that contain oxygen and usually a metal • Hematite and Corundum

  19. SILICATES • Any mineral containing Silicon and Oxygen (SiO4) • Forms a Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron • Examples: • Quartz • Mica • Hornblende • Feldspar • Pyroxene

  20. SILICATES • Most abundant minerals on Earth ESRT • One tetrahedron can make many different looking crystals • The internalarrangementof the atoms determines the properties of the mineral! Put them together in sheets and you get mica

  21. Chain SILICATES in chains and you get hornblende

  22. Crystal Shape (Form) • External structure due to internal arrangement of the atoms • Six basic groups of shapes, with about three dozen variations http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/aragonit/aragoni1.htm

  23. Carbonates react with dilute HCl and other acids by fizzing or bubbling (releasing CO2 gas) Special Characteristics--the “Acid Test”

  24. Special Characteristics-- Fluorescence • Some minerals will glow when placed under short-wave or long-wave ultraviolet rays • Franklin and Ogdensburg NJ are famous for their fluorescent minerals http://www.sterlinghill.org/Tour%20information.htm

  25. Special Characteristics--Salty Taste • DO NOT TASTE THE MINERALS! • Halite is the exception--it will taste salty http://mineral.galleries.com/scripts/item.exe?LIST+Minerals+Halides+Halite

  26. Special Characteristics--Magnetism • Many iron minerals will produce an invisible magnetic force field • “Lodestone” was used by Vikings more than 1,000 years ago as compasses http://www.minerals.net/mineral/oxides/magnetit/magneti4.htm

  27. MAGMA

  28. ESRT pg 16

  29. SiO4 Tetrahedron

  30. ESRT pg. 11

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