6.3 Challenges of Secularisation

1. 6.3Challenges of Secularisation Purpose of lesson - Understand the Sharia law and its different interpretations -The relationship between the modern world and issues e.g secularisation

2. American Life in the 1800s Clip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqfEJbpDDSY

3. Read the article “Islam and the West” by Roger Hardy • Summarise as your own version

4. What is secularisation? The separation of religion and politics. In Muslim countries the secularists tend to seek to promote secular political and social values as opposed to Islamic ones. • Muslim-majority countries have a dual system in which Muslims can bring disputes to sharia courts. The exact authority of these courts varies from country to country. • Most replaced Islamic law with legal systems inspired by western secular codes; Muslim family law remained in force.

5. Two types of Muslims want change from traditionalism. Modernisers; think that Islam has lost its roots, needs reforming. They strictly in favour of the Qur’an and strict reasoning from it. Attitudes to women need much reform; equality, political rights, divorce rights, ending of polygamy. Fundamentalist; Islam has lost its roots, but it needs to go back to Sunna and Hadith taking them more seriously. They try to defend traditional Muslim teachings; Muslim marriages far more successful than West, Polygamy is better for Women, Difference between both is essential part of life, women are forced for hijab dress. West is connected with rise of feminism.

6. Is Islam separate than politics? • Islam does not separate religion from the state. The Prophet Muhammad was leading Ummah in Medina. • The Rightly Guided Caliphate was both the religious and the political leadership of the community of Muslims. • Religious and political values and religious and political offices were inseparable. • The SahihMuslim chapter; “Whatever the Prophet has said in matters of religion must be followed, but this does not apply to worldly affairs.” • Secular governments had existed in the Muslim world since the 10th century, • The Umayyad caliphate is often referred to as the first secular state in the world.

7. Islamic Movement • Wahhabism 1913, opposed and took over Sufism making Saudi Arabia a fundamentalist state. • Late 18th and 19th centuries Industrial Revolution; the modern inventions, European style institutions westernise the Muslim world. Jamal al Afghani stood against it spreading anti-Western message. He aimed at the restoration of Islam as during the Ottoman Empire. • Muhammad Abduhinfluenced the modern revival of Islam by; - opposing blind acceptance of traditional customs, - urging a return to the pure Islam, - arguing for the right of education for girls and boys equally, - and nothing was un-Islamic about Western technology

8. The Taleban • Afghanistan (1995-2001); • Fundamentalist policies, • Strict interpretation of Shari’a law • Adultery punishable stoning to death • Burka-hijab Secularism takes over- colonialism Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1918 in WW1. Many countries fell under France and Britain. The role of religion reduced and Islam got separated from the state. The Muslim Brotherhood (1928) Urged to return to the Qur’an and the Hadith and the sovereignty of God • Osama bin Laden • Al’Qaeda • “Nothing is more sacred than belief…….” • Resisted Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • Early 1990s conflict with Saudi regime • Against US troops presence in Saudi Arabia • 9/11 The Iranian Revolution (1979) Pro-Western government removed by Ayatollah Khomeini fully applied the Sharia law. Pakistan under Zia ulHaq (1977-1988) Restricted Shari’a laws e.g canonical punishment

9. The Shari’ah- Muslim way of life • The idea of Islam is submission to the will of God. The law of God covers the whole of people’s behaviour. • Sharia is the clear straight path set down for Muslims exactly what they should and should not do. • Muhammad being both statesman and prophet mean that Islam was concerned with rules and regulation how to live.

10. Sources of Shari’a • The primary source The Qur’an • Secondary sources; a). Hadith and Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad b). Customs or practice of Muslim community- set up by Muhammad particularly lived in Medina. c). Consensus OR Opinion- agreed decisions of a group of Muslim lawyers (muftis). d). Analogy- if there is no any example in the Qur’an, Hadith or Sunnah then try to look for an analogy in the Qur’an

11. Four Law Schools • The Hanifite- Turkey, Iraq, India Pakistan • The Malikite- West Arabia, North Africa, West Africa • The Shafi’ite- Egypt, Syria, South Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, East Africa. They won’t allow Custom or Opinion. • The Hanbalite- Arabia, Only focus on the Qur’an and Sunnah

12. How does the Sharia operate? • A Qadi is appointed in each town, since 1100CE no alteration (e.gHadd /Canonical punishment) • Late 19th and 20th centuries colonialism impacted the Muslim countries e.g Turkey replaced Sharia in 1928 by Swiss Civil code. • Muslims seek re-apply the Sharia of 630CE today. The closure of Ijtihad has caused failure to Islam.

13. The concept of Halal and Haram Halal [All Muslim social and economic life is based on these principles. Customs vary from country to Country] 1. Fardh (obligatory) 2. Mandub (recommended) 3. Mubah (permitted) 1. Haram (forbidden) 2. Makruh (disapproved)

14. Fundamentalist Modern Discuss the examples from the Sharia law.Annotate both sided fundamentalist and modern views. Do these laws need alterations?

15. Restricted Muslim life • ‘Come not nigh to shameful deeds whether open or secret’…. (s6 v151) • ‘Islam closes all avenues leading to haram’…(Qarzawi)….. Male female mixing, hijab, • Celibacy is makruh • Capital punishment; ……‘And there is (a saving) of life for you in Al’Qisas………………… (s2 v179) • Polygamy; (s4 v3) • Marriage is haram between 14 types people… e.g mother/father, sister/brother……(s4 v22-23)

16. Restricted Muslim life • Abortion / Contraception is forbidden: ‘Kill not your children on a plea of want’ (s6 v151). Contraception is allowed because the Prophet practised coitus interruptus. • The principle of “choosing the lesser of two evils” applies on abortion. • Muslims in the West to accept the abortion laws of countries like UK. (fatwa) • Artificial insemination by the father is permissible but not by the donor

17. Restricted Muslim life • Food regulations…………………………….. (s2 v172) When haram may be consumed? • Intoxicants and gambling………………(s5 v93-4) Hadith explains too. • Income through trades that don’t involve interest, sex or cheating etc. (Riba-usury is forbidden s2 v275) • Fundamentalist and modernisers believe that Muslim countries have no economic system.

18. 6.3Challenges of Secularisation Purpose of lesson - Understand the Sharia law and its different interpretations -The relationship between the modern world and issues e.g secularisation