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The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System - Week 3-

The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System - Week 3-. H istorical Overview of the Modern Middle East -1. H istorical Overview of the Modern Middle East -2. H istorical Overview of the Modern Middle East -3.

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The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System - Week 3-

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  1. The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System-Week 3-

  2. Historical Overview of the Modern Middle East -1

  3. Historical Overview of the Modern Middle East -2

  4. Historical Overview of the Modern Middle East -3

  5. Turkish Borders according to Misak-iMilli (National Pact) of 28 January1920

  6. Borders of Turkey according to the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) which was annulled and replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) as a consequence of the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa KemalAtatürk.

  7. The Turkish Army's entry into Izmir on September 9, 1922, following the successful Izmir Offensive, effectively sealed the Turkish victory and ended the war.

  8. Borders of Turkey set by the Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923)

  9. Historical Overview of the Modern Middle East -4

  10. The Republic of Turkey becomes indepedendent on 29 October 1923

  11. Historical Overview of the Modern Middle East -3

  12. Historical Overview of the Modern Middle East -4

  13. The Arab Entry into International System • Prior to World War I, Arab lands had been either under Ottoman rule or colonized by European powers. • Experiences under the Ottomans meant that the Arab people were prepared for statehood and administration. • However, less familiarity with diplomacy, which under the Ottoman Empire had centred around Istanbul.

  14. Wartime Plans for the Partition of the Middle East Britain’s three wartime pledges: 1) McMahon-Hussein (1915-1916) 2) Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 3) Balfour Declaration (1917)

  15. McMahon-Hussein (1915-1916)

  16. 1) McMahon-Hussein (1915-1916) – 1 • At onset of the war as immediate concern of Entente powers was how the people in the Ottoman (Arab) provinces would react to call for a jihad by the sultan-caliphate. • An Arab revolt against the Ottomans would aid the allied war effort in the ME front. • For much a revolt, the key figure to cooperate with was Sharif of Mecca, Hussein ibn Ali of the Hashemite family.

  17. McMahon-Hussein (1915-1916) – 2 • The McMahon-Hussein correspondence (July 14, 1915 to Jan 31, 1916) set the terms of an Arab revolt. • In return for entering the war on the allied side, Hussein was assured that a large portion of Ottoman-Arab territory would be made independent under his leadership.

  18. McMahon-Hussein (1915-1916) – 3 • In a letter dated the 24th of October, 1915, Sir Henry McMahon promises Hussein to "recognise and support the independence of the Arabs within the territories proposed by him." • These territories included the Arabian peninsula, Syria (including Lebanon, Palestine, and Transjordan), and Iraq as "purely Arab" areas and part of a future Arab state or states in the region. • The fate of Palestine was left ambiguous in the correspondence.

  19. 2) Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) -1 • The success of the British in promoting the Arab revolt by promises of independence did not prevent it from completing negotiations with France, which created a new division of western influence in the ME. • According to secret the Sykes-Picot agreement, the French controlled where is now Syria and Northern Iraq and South East of Turkey. • In return, The British were to receive what is now most of Iraq and Jordan. • Palestine was to become an international zone.

  20. Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) -2 • The terms of this agreement were revealed to Hussein by the Russians during the war. • The British managed to calm his fears by minimizing the documents importance. • However, this agreement formed the basis of the postwar divisions.

  21. 3) Balfour Declaration (1917) -1 • Although the future of Palestine was unclear under the MacMahon-Hussein agreement it seemed that it would become an independent Arab state. • Whereas, the Sykes-Picot agreement called for Palestine to become internationalized. • Finally on No. 2,1917, the British gave formal support to the aspirations of the World Zionist Organization to establish a Jewish national home in Palestine.

  22. Balfour Declaration (1917) -2 • The Balfour declaration (1917) confirmed the British support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” • This declaration, contradicted both the pledge to Sharif Hussein and the Sykes-Picot agreement and further complicated the post war settlements.

  23. Post-War Settlement 1919-1922 1) Paris Peace Conference (1919) 2) San Remo Resolution (1920) 3) The Sharifian Solution (1921) • .

  24. Two features of the post-war settlement 1) The weak bargaining position of the Arab delegates at Paris Peace Conference 2) The duplicity of the great powers. For British and French, theterritories of the Ottoman empire were spoils of war. On the other hand,naively, the US endevoured to reform the new order on the basis of liberal views which is set out by President wilson in 14 principleswith an emphasis on self-determination.

  25. The 12th point of Wilson Principles “The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignity, but the other nationalities, which are now under turkish rule should be assured autonomous development.”

  26. Paris Peace Conference (1919) • The Entente victors to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918.Several treaties including Sevres with Ottoman Empire was also prepared. • In light of the previously secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, and following the adoption of the mandate system on the Arab province of the former Ottoman lands, the conference heard statements from competing Zionist and Arab claimants.

  27. "The Big Four" during the Paris Peace Conference (from left to right, David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson)

  28. The King-Crane Commission (1919) • President Woodrow Wilson recommended an international commission of inquiry to ascertain the wishes of the local inhabitants. • King-Crane Commission repudiates Balfour Declaration and Sykes-Picot Agreement, but is ignored

  29. San Remo Resolution (April 25,1920) • Britain and France reach agreement over Arab lands. • France receives mandates over Lebanon, Syria. Britain receives mandates over Iraq, Palestine. • The Mandate for Palestine was based the Balfour Declaration and the Covenant of the League of Nation's Article 22. Britain was charged with establishing a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. • Territorial boundaries were not decided until four years after.

  30. San Remo Delegation

  31. British Mandate of Iraq – 1 • Britain had, with some modifications, met its commitments to both the Sykes-picott and the Balfour declaration. • Only the promises to the Hashemites had been disregarded. At the end of 1920, Britain offered the son of Sahrif Hussein, Faisal, to control its Iraqi mandate, in return for his acceptance of ME division in San Remo. • This plan came to be known as the “sharifian solution” (1921).

  32. Coronation of Prince Faisal as King of Iraq, 1921

  33. British Mandate of Iraq - 2 • The mandate united the three disparate provinces under the imported Hashimite King Faisal, from the Hijaz region of Arabia. • Apart from its natural geographical differences, the new Iraq was a complex mix of ethnic and religious groups. • In implementing their mandate, the British had certainly sown the seeds of future unrest.

  34. British Mandates – Palestine and Transjordan – 1 • InPalestine, The British cut palestinian mandate into two parts. • Retained the more fertile and politically sensitive area in the west of the river Jordan, keeping for its name Palestine. • The rest was handed to the brother of King of Iraq Faisal, Abdullah, as the Emirate ofTransjordan.

  35. Emir Abdullah of Transjordan, Herbert Samuel, and Winston Churchill at a reception at the Government House, Jerusalem, Palestine, (28 Mar 1921)

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