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SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL

SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL. SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INDICATORS CURRENT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FOR SOUTH-EAST ASIA Phnom Penh, Cambodia 18-20 Nov 2008. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL. Country Presentation. Dinesh R BHUJU

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SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL

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  1. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INDICATORS CURRENT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FOR SOUTH-EAST ASIA Phnom Penh, Cambodia 18-20 Nov 2008

  2. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Country Presentation Dinesh R BHUJU Nepal Academy of Science and Technology Sitaram P BYAHUT National Science Council Tribhuvan University

  3. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Acknowledgements • UNESCO • Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Government of Nepal • Nepal Academy of Science and Technology

  4. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL CONTENTS • GENERAL OVERVIEW • INSTITUTIONAL CAPABILITIES • HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT • DISCIPLINARY DEVELOPMENT • DEVELOPMENT PLANS & POLICY

  5. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL General OverviewFederal Republic of NepalCOUNTRY NOTES • Area: 141,181 Sq Km • Population:25 million (2001) • Literacy: >60%; KEI: 1.61 • Topography: Mountainous (>70%) • Major Economic Activity: Agriculture, Tourism, Remittance • Potentials: Natural Resources: Water Resources (>6,000 rivers 225 b cu m/yr, Biodiversity (>34 ecosystems), High Altitude Mountains (60m-8,848m asl) Human Resources: Intellectual Plurarism, Technical Advances (IOL and IT received Magasessey Awards), Higher Education, Indigenous Knowledge System, Micro-Hydro, Community Forestry & Conservation etc. High Altitude Research Lab 5,50m, Nepal

  6. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL General OverviewHISTORICAL TRENDS Pre-Modern (Before 1800) • The Gopal: Up to 1000 BC • The Kirat: 700 BC-110 AD • The Lichhavi: 110-879 AD • The Thakuri: 879-1200 AD • The Malla: 1200-1768 AD Modern • Isolation (1800 – 1950 AD) • Post-isolation (1950 AD onwards)

  7. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table: Records of scientific knowledge and technological innovations in Nepal before 1950

  8. Nyatapola: Five-Storied Temple Bhaktapur, Built 1703 13th Century

  9. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL General OverviewHISTORICAL TRENDS Pre-Modern (Before 1800) Modern • Isolation (1800 – 1950 AD) • Post-isolation (1950 AD onwards)

  10. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Chronological order major S&T institutions established in the country

  11. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Chronological order major S&T institutions established in the country contd.

  12. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilitiesEDUCATION SYSTEM SCHOOL EDUCATION: Primary Tier : Grade 1-5 Lower Secondary Tier: Grade 6-8 Secondary Tier: Grade 9-10 Higher Secondary Tier: Grade 11-12 UNIVERSITY EDUCATION Bachelors’ : 3-5 yrs (after Higher Secondary) Master’s : 2 yrs after Bachelor’s Degree MPhil and PhD Programs

  13. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Distribution of +2 schools (science stream) in and outside Kathmandu valley Source: Higher Secondary Education Board 2005

  14. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilityVOCATIONAL EDUCATION Technical School 1932 Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (1989) Technical Schools : 19 Affiliated Institutes: 170 Areas: > 20 (Agriculture, Electrical, Electronics, Nursing)

  15. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Technical institutions operated by CTEVT

  16. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilityHIGHER EDUCATION • Tri-Chandra College 1918 • Tribhuvan University 1959 • Nepal Sanskrit University 1986 • Kathmandu University 1991 • Purbanchal University 1995 • Pokhara University 1997 • BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 1998 • National Academy of Medical Sciences 2003 • Lumbini University

  17. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilityMAJOR UNIVERSITIES • TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Institutes: Science and Technology, Medicine, Engineering, Forestry, Agriculture and Animal Science; Campuses: >300; Courses: Nearly 200 Students: >200,000; Faculties: 7,000; • KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY • PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY • POKHARA UNIVERSITY

  18. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Number of students in different institutes of Tribhuvan University

  19. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Number of teachers in different S&T related institutions of Tribhuvan Univeristy Source: Planning Division, Tribhuvan University Today, 1999

  20. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilityHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 1977 1995 2005

  21. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Human Resource Development in Science and Technology

  22. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilityS&T ORGANIZATIONS National Council for Science and Technology 1976 (dissolved) Nepal Academy of Science and Technology 1982 Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology 1996

  23. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilityGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS • Department of Agriculture 1924 • Department of Mines and Geology 1926 • Department of Survey 1958 • Department of Plant Resources 1959 • Department of Food Research and Quality Control 1960 • Department of Meteorology & Hydrology 1962 Department of Forest Research & Survey 1963 • Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management 1974 • Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation 1980 • Department of Drug Administration 1980

  24. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Institutional CapabilityOTHER ORGANIZATIONS • Water and Energy Commission 1981 • National Agriculture Research Council 1991 • Environment Protection Council 1992 • National Health Research Council 1992 • High Level Commission for IT 1996 • NGOs- >15,000 registered with Social Welfare Council (Environment Conservation 926, Health Care 339, etc.)

  25. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Disciplinary DevelopmentMAJOR SUBJECTS • Applied Science • Medicine • Engineering • Agriculture • Forestry Natural Science • Physics • Chemistry • Mathematics • Statistics • Botany • Zoology • Geology Emerging Subjects • Computer and IT • Environmental Sc • Conservation Biology • Microbiology • Biotechnology

  26. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Major research areas in some S&T Institutions in Nepal

  27. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Major research areas in some S&T Institutions in Nepal (Contd.)

  28. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Disciplinary DevelopmentNATIONAL SCIENCE CONGRESS Number of Papers Received in Science Congress 1982 1988 1994 1999 2004 2008

  29. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Table. Subject-wise breakdown of papers presented in national conferences on S&T

  30. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Disciplinary DevelopmentPROFESSIONALS /INCLUSIVENESS Professional Society: >100 Journal Publication: >60 Women Participation: Women Scientific Manpower: <15% of the total; 95% engaged in agriculture Marginalized Group in S&T: Negligible

  31. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Development Plans & Science PolicyBUDGET OUTLAYS IN DEV. PLANS Table. Total outlays and their sector-wise distribution in percent in development plans

  32. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Development Plans & Science PolicyDEVELOPMENT PLANS FIVE-YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN • Since 1956 • S&T Policy Statement in Sixth Plan (1980-1985) • Science and Technology Policy 2005, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology

  33. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL

  34. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Development Plans & Science PolicyOVERVIEW SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY POLICY • Efforts of GON and UNESCO since 1960s • National Policy on Science and Technology 1989 forwarded by NAST through First National Conference on S&T • Science and Technology Policy 2005, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology

  35. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Development Plans & Science PolicyINVESTMENT IN S&T Table. R&D Expenditure in Some of the S&T sectors (Average of 1991-1996) Source: Adhikary et al.(1998)

  36. SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL Development Plans & Science PolicyINVESTMENT IN S&T R&D Expenditure % of GDP 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

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