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American Education Syste m

American Education Syste m. Mustafa Ergün. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States.

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American Education Syste m

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  1. American Education System Mustafa Ergün http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States

  2. The United States of America(also referred to as the United States, theU.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprisingfifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in centralNorth America, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. At 9.83 million km2and with over 310 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest both by landarea and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy.

  3. History of American Education http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/ The Colonial Period The Puritans in New EnglandPrimary purpose of education was to maintain Protestant religious beliefs and ensure social stability – “the good society.” Grammar School Major emphasis on Latin and minor on Greek and Hebrew, Greek and Roman writers. Post-Revolutionary America Themes: Nationalism. Noah Webster’s (“Schoolmaster of America”) spelling book replaced the New England Primer. Webster believed that in addition to teaching reading and writing, his texts should produce good and patriotic Americans, develop an American language, and create a unified national spirit. Common School Movement 1830s and 40s Reflected a growing faith in the power of schooling to solve the problems of society.Horace Mann - “father of the common school” National Education Association (NEA) The Committee of Ten (1892) Recommendation8 years of elementary education, 4 years of secondary education

  4. History of American Education http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/ • End of the 19th Century • Urbanization • Industrialization • Immigration The “Goal” Meritocracy Social goal: each individual’s social and occupational position is determined by individual merit, not political or economic influence Equality of Opportunity Under this system, it allowed an individual to find the best place in the economic system in which to develop personal interests and abilities. Science of Education Measurement of intelligence, interests, and abilities Vocational guidance: matching the student with an educational program and future occupation The Purposes of Education in American Democracy (1938-Educational Policies Commission) The Imperative Needs of Youth of Secondary School Age (NASSP, 1944) Education for All American Children (Educational Policies Commission 1948)

  5. History of American Education At least partially because of Sputnik (1957), science and science education become important concerns in the U.S., resulting in the passage of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) which authorizes increased funding for scientific research and science education. In 1964 the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities is formed.The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) ("War on Poverty") 1965 The Education of All Handicapped Children Act (1975) 1983 - The report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk, calls for sweeping reforms in public education and teacher training. 1993 - The Massachusetts Education Reform Act requires a common curriculum and statewide tests (Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System).

  6. School curricula, funding, teaching, employment, and other policies are set through locally elected school boards with jurisdiction over school districts with many directives from state legislatures. In 2009, there were over 6.2 million teachers in elementary and secondary schools. Educational standards and standardized testing decisions are usually made by state governments.

  7. The ages for compulsory education vary by state. It begins from ages five to eight and ends from ages fourteen to eighteen. Education is divided into three levels: elementary school, middle school (sometimes called junior high school), and high school (sometimes referred to as secondary education). In almost all schools at these levels, children are divided by age groups into grades, ranging from kindergarten up to twelfth grade. The American school year traditionally begins in August or September, after the traditional summer recess. Children are assigned into year groups known as grades. Children customarily advance together from one grade to the next as a single cohort or "class" upon reaching the end of each school year in May or June. The poor performance has pushed public and private efforts such as the No Child Left Behind Act.

  8. According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools. Approximately 85% of students enter the public schools. Most students attend school for around six hours per day, and usually anywhere from 175 to 187 days per year. Schooling is compulsory for all children in the United States. Some states allow students to leave school between 14–17 with parental permission, before finishing high school; other states require students to stay in school until age 18. Parents may also choose to educate their own children at home; 1.7% of children are educated in this manner. The poor performance has pushed public and private efforts such as the No Child Left Behind Act.

  9. Doktora sonrası Çalışma ve Araştırma Ortaöğrenim Sonrası Eğitim (Yüksekokul,Üniversite, Mesleki,, Mesleki Teknik, Teknikerlik Okulları) Doktora veya İleri Düzeyde Profesyonel Derece Doktora Derece Çalışması Meslek Okulları (Tıp, İlahiyat, Hukuk, vb.) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 K PK Sınıf Yüksek Lisans Derecesi Y.Lisans Derece Çalışması Lisans Derecesi Lisans Programları Mesleki Eğitim Ön lisans ya da Lisans 3. sınıf Ön Lisans Derecesi veya Sertifika 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Yaş Lise Diploması 4 Yıllık Liseler Lise-2. kademe (Senior) Birleşik Liseler (Senior-Junior) Ortaöğretim (Akademik, Mesleki, Teknik) Okullar) Lise-1. kademe (Junior) Ortaokul • (8-4) (6-3-3) (6-6) • (4-4-4) • İlkokul İlköğretim veya İlkokul Eğitimi Anaokulu Kreş http://www.ed.gov

  10. Preschool • There are no mandatory public prekindergarten or crèche programs in the United States. The federal government funds the Head Start preschool program for children of low-income families, but most families are on their own with regard to finding a preschool or childcare. • In the large cities, there are sometimes upper-class preschools catering to the children of the wealthy. Increasingly, a growing body of preschools are adopting international standards such as the International Preschool Curriculum.

  11. Elementary school Elementary school includes kindergarten through fifth grade (or sometimes, to fourth grade, sixth grade or eighth grade). In elementary school, basic subjects are taught, and students often remain in one or two classrooms throughout the school day, with the exceptions of physical education, library, music, and art classes. The school district selects curriculum guides and textbooks that are reflective of a state's learning standards and benchmarks for a given grade level.While the concept of State Learning standards has been around for some time, No Child Left Behind has mandated that standards exist at the State level.No Child Left Behind focuses on reading and math as primary targets for improvement, other instructional areas have received less attention. Public Elementary School teachers typically instruct between twenty and thirty students of diverse learning needs.

  12. Elementary school Under the No Child Left Behind Act, all American states must test students in public schools statewide to ensure that they are achieving the desired level of minimum education; students being educated at home or in private schools are not included. The act also requires that students and schools show "adequate yearly progress."

  13. Home schooling Many select moral or religious reasons for homeschooling their children (singular needs or disabilities, social pressures of schools…). In 2007, approximately 1.5 million children were homeschooled. This was 2.9% of all children. Opposition to homeschooling comes from varied sources, including teachers' organizations and school districts.Opponents' stated concerns fall into several broad categories, including fears of poor academic quality, loss of income for the schools, and religious or social extremism, or lack of socialization with others.

  14. Secondary education In the United States, secondary education usually covers grades 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 through 12. Middle school and Junior high school include the grade levels intermediate between elementary school and senior high school. "Middle school" usually includes sixth, seventh and eighth grade; "Junior high" typically includes seventh through ninth grade. Senior high school is a school attended after junior high school. High school is often used instead of senior high school and distinguished from junior high school. High school usually runs either from 9th through 12th, or 10th through 12th grade. The students in these grades are commonly referred to as freshmen (grade 9), sophomores (grade 10), juniors (grade 11) and seniors (grade 12).

  15. Secondary education Basic curricular structure Students are required to take a certain minimum number of mandatory subjects, but may choose additional subjects ("electives") to fill out their required hours of learning. Mandatory subjects:Science (biology, chemistry and physics), Mathematics (algebra, geometry, pre-calculus, statistics), English, Social sciences (history, government/economics courses), Physical education. Electives:Computers, Athletics, Publishing, Performing Arts/Visual Arts, Foreign languages… Many high schools provide Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses. These are special forms of honors classes where the curriculum is more challenging and lessons more aggressively paced than standard courses.

  16. Secondary education During high school, students (usually in 11th grade) may take one or more standardized tests depending on their postsecondary education preferences and their local graduation requirements. In theory, these tests evaluate the overall level of knowledge and learning aptitude of the students. The SAT (formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test) and ACT(abbreviation of American College Testing) are the most common standardized tests that students take when applying to college. A student may take the SAT, ACT, or both depending upon the post-secondary institutions the student plans to apply to for admission.

  17. Education of students with special needs Students with special needs must have the opportunity to be with typically developing peers in the mainstream school. For example: recess, cafeteria, assemblies, hallways, regular classes, etc. This process is known as mainstreaming. Students with special needs attend special schools only if their need for very specialized services makes mainstreaming impossible. To more clearly identify special needs students, the federal government defined thirteen categories of special needs. These included autism, deaf-blindness, deafness, hearing impairment, mental retardation, multiple disabilities, orthopedic impairment, other health impairment, serious emotional disturbance, specific learning disability, speech or language impairment, traumatic brain injury, and visual impairment.

  18. the students aged 6 through 21 who received special education in the 2006-2007 school year

  19. Teacher Training Elementary School teachers are trained with emphases on human cognitive and psychological development and the principles of curriculum development and instruction. Teachers typically earn either a Bachelors or Masters Degree in Early Childhood and Elementary Education. Certification standards for teachers are determined by individual states, with individual colleges and universities determining the rigor of the college education provided for future teachers. Some states require content area tests, as well as instructional skills tests for teacher certification in that state.

  20. Undergraduate Education There are 4,352 colleges, universities, and junior colleges in the country. In 2008, 36% of enrolled students graduated from college in four years.In 2009, a record high of 40% of 18-24 year olds were enrolled in college. • Approximately 1700 institutions grant atleast one graduate degree • Approximately 282 institutions award atleast 20 doctorates per year • 674 award at least 50 master’s degreesand/or fewer than 20 doctorates • Remainder of degrees are from primarilybaccalaureate institutions Most colleges in the U.S. follow the semester system: Average 16 weeks long. Fall and Spring semesters. Maybe Summer semester, 8-12 weeks long. Some colleges in the U.S. follow the quarter system: Academic year is divided into four quarters of about 10 weeks each. May be some variation in the summer quarter. A few colleges follow a trimester system, with three terms per year, about 12 weeks per term. Academic year begins in the Fall (August or September).

  21. Undergraduate Education Admissions criteria involve the rigor and grades earned in high school courses taken, the students' GPA(Grade Point Average), class ranking, and standardized test scores (Such as the SAT or the ACT tests).Most colleges also consider more subjective factors such as a commitment to extracurricular activities, a personal essay, and an interview. bachelor's degree in a field of concentration known as a majordouble majors "minor" The most common method consists of four years of study leading to a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), a Bachelor of Science (B.S.), or sometimes another bachelor's degree such as Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.), Bachelor of Social Work (B.S.W.), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.,) or Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) Five-Year Professional Architecture programs offer the Bachelor of Architecture Degree (B.Arch.)

  22. Undergraduate Education Some students choose to attend a community college for two years prior to further study at another college or university. Community colleges may award Associate of Arts (AA) or Associate of Science (AS) degree after two years. Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local four-year college, where the community college provides the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study, sometimes all on one campus.

  23. Graduate Education Graduate study, conducted after obtaining an initial degree and sometimes after several years of professional work, leads to a more advanced degree such as a master's degree, which could be a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), Master of Business Administration (MBA), or other less common master's degrees such as Master of Education (MEd), and Master of Fine Arts (MFA). Entrance into graduate programs usually depends upon a student's undergraduate academic performance or professional experience as well as their score on a standardized entrance exam like the Graduate Record Examination (GRE-graduate schools in general), the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), or the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). After additional years of study and sometimes in conjunction with the completion of a master's degree and/or Ed.S. degree, students may earn a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or other doctoral degree, such as Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Theology, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy, Doctor of Physical Therapy, Doctor of Osteopathy, Doctor of Podiatry Medicine, Doctor of Psychology, or Juris Doctor.

  24. Graduate Education • 2.5 million graduate students • 25% are doctoral • Approximately 60,000 doctorates awarded annually • Median TTD(total time to degree, time to completion of the doctorate degree)8.5 years for all disciplines • 30% of doctoral students complete a postdoc

  25. Basic Distinctions in U.S. Post-secondary Institutions Two-year: Junior Colleges Community Colleges Four-year: Liberal Arts College Comprehensive University Bachelor’s only Graduate degrees Research Institution

  26. Yararlanılan Kaynaklar • Boers, David. (2007),History of American education, http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=0597lsf3SlUC • Şahin, S. (2009). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Eğitim Sistemi. S. Ada & N. Baysal (Ed.), Eğitim yapıları ve yönetimleri açısından çeşitli ülkelere bir bakış (s. 115-133). Ankara: Pegem Akademi • Ergün, M. (1985). Karşılaştırmalı Eğitim [Elektronik versiyon]. İnönü Üniversitesi Malatya • Güçlü, N. ve Bayrakçı M. (2004). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Eğitim Sistemi ve Hiçbir Çocuğun Eğitimsiz Kalmaması Reformu. Gazi Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, s. 51-64 • The National Commission on Excellence in Education (1983). A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform.http://www.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/index.htmladresinden 12.10.2009tarihinde ulaşıldı. • History of education in the United States. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States

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