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Travel and Tourism

Travel and Tourism. The structure of the industry. The structure of the industry is complex for the following reasons: It consists of a wide range of interrelated commercial and non- commercial organisations.

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Travel and Tourism

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  1. Travel and Tourism The structure of the industry

  2. The structure of the industry is complex for the following reasons: • It consists of a wide range of interrelated commercial and non- commercial organisations. • Most of these organizations are in the private sector and are small and medium sized.

  3. Commercial organisations • These include private sector organisations such as: • Mystic Mountain • Outameni • Sandals group of hotels • Iberostars

  4. Values and attitudes of commercial organisations • A good way to determine their values and attitudes would be to look in detail at the organisations previously listed as examples and then: • define their objectives • define their source of funding and methods of income

  5. 3) define how they meet stakeholder or shareholder expectations.

  6. Non-commercial organisations • These include public and voluntary sectors such as: • The Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCO) • Jamaica Environmental Trust • The Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB)

  7. Values and attitudes of non-commercial organisations • It is possible to determine the values and attitudes of these organizations by observing: • 1) their objectives • 2) their source of funding and methods of income • 3) their stakeholder or shareholder expectations

  8. Agencies delivering travel and tourism products and services • For this section of the syllabus the countries to be investigated are: • Jamaica • Panama • Paris • The agencies are as follow: • 1) tourist attractions- built; natural

  9. tourist attractions- events as attractions and the facilities which these take place in • 2) accommodation and catering- to include accommodation grading scheme • 3) tourism development promotion- locally, regionally, and internationally • 4) transportation by air; by land; by water

  10. 5) travel agencies • 6) Tour operators and the components of a package holiday • Note that all of these individual component depend on each other, and that no single component exists on its own.

  11. The structure of the travel and tourism industry The management and development of tourist destinations

  12. Destinations are places where there is tourism. Social, cultural, environmental and political conditions influence tourist destinations. • The people who are responsible for destination management must try and ensure that tourism integrate with other social and economic activities of the particular area so that it can sustain future development.

  13. Objectives of tourism development • Tourism occurs in the more economically-developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically- developed countries (LEDCs). “Many developing countries of the world are engaged in tourism as a means of earning foreign exchange and to redress balance of payment ills” . Mathews, (1997) : Nettekoven (1976) , cited in Daye (p.24,1997)

  14. Objectives oF tourism development • Organisations may get involved in tourism development for the following reasons: • Economic- examples include: • employment creation both direct and indirect • increasing foreign currency earnings to contribute to the balance of payment and GDP

  15. brining in tourists who spend locally and contribute to the multiplier effect • increasing income for the commercial operators • economic development and regeneration to develop the infrastructure and improve the local area and conditions for people.

  16. Objectives of tourism development • Environmental examples include: • habitat preservation for wild life in an area • regeneration and conservation of the built and natural environment • environmental education of the local people and or tourists visiting the area • stimulating environmental improvements of benefit to local people and wildlife as well as tourists

  17. Objectives of tourism development • Socio-cultural- examples include: • promoting understanding • improving quality of life for the local population • providing community facilities, as well as facilities for tourists

  18. revival of traditional activities, festivals and ceremonies to celebrate culture and develop a sense of pride in one’s own identity

  19. Objectives of tourism • Political –examples include: • enhancing the image of an area is particular important to LEDCs or for countries that may be perceived in a negative way due to war or natural disasters • creating a regional or national identity to boost domestic morale and encourage visitor numbers

  20. The structure of travel and tourism Impacts of tourism development

  21. Types of impact • Economic- positive effects: • increased incomes • increase foreign exchange • Increase employment • improved infrastructure • multiplier effect

  22. Types of impact • Economic- negative effects: • decline of traditional employment opportunities • seasonality of employment • increased living costs • increased taxes

  23. Types of impact • Socio-cultural – positive effects: • preservation of customs and crafts • provision of community facilities and public services • aiding of international understanding • encouraging travel, mobility and social integration

  24. Types of impact • Socio-cultural –negative effects: • conflicts with the host community • crime • loss of cultural identity • the demonstration effect

  25. Types of impact • Socio-cultural – negative effects: • changes to family structure • social problems such as begging and prostitution

  26. Types of impact • Environmental – positive effects: • improved assets • landscaping • conservation • regeneration • building regulations

  27. Types of impact • Environmental – negative effects: • traffic congestion • erosion of natural resources • pollution of air and water • litter • increase in noise levels

  28. Types of impact • Environmental –negative effects: • panoramic view damage • destruction of different wild life systems and breeding patterns

  29. Objectives of tourism development Principles of destination management

  30. The principles of successful tourism management include: • maximising the retention of visitor spending at the destination • investing tourism income in public and social projects for local communities

  31. 3) widening access to facilities and assets • 4) staff training and development • 5) training and employment of local people in tourism and related activities • 6) tourism education

  32. Objectives of destination management The role of destination management in minimising negative impacts

  33. Note that current issues and consumer trends such as those mentioned above can impact on tourism development. • Destination management can minimise tourism’s negative impacts through: • planning and control

  34. using the principle of sustainable development • visitor and traffic management • assessing environmental impact

  35. Changes in the evolution of tourism development The Butler model

  36. According to Butler (1980), all destinations follow a cycle of evolution and pass through stages similar to youth, maturity and old age. • The consequence of which a particular destination will decline unless it can re-invent itself through a process called “rejuvenation”.

  37. This cycle of evolution compared to the product life cycle (theory) by Butler reflects the following stages: • exploration • involvement • development • consolidation

  38. stagnation • decline or rejuvenation

  39. Changes in the evolution of destinations Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution

  40. These factors include - key features of the destination: • 1) weather and climate • 2) scenery and landscape • 3) vegetation and wild life • 4) historical and cultural attractions • 5) modern built attractions

  41. 6) indoor/outdoor activities • 7) accommodation options • 8) events and festivals • 9) food /drink and entertainment • 10) accessibility and gateways

  42. Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution • Tourist appeal by visitor type: • young people • singles • families • DINKY • grey market

  43. 6) special needs • 7) business tourists

  44. Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution • Visitor statistics: • recent trend • projection for future • stage in evolution using life cycle model

  45. Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution • Factors influencing popularity: • cost of accommodation • cost of transport • costs at destination • tour operator promotional activity • over commercialization

  46. 6) crime and social problems • 7) political instability and unrest • 8) terrorism • 9) positive / negative media coverage • 10) positive / negative tourism management • 11) growth in independent travel • 12) growth in short breaks

  47. 13) exclusivity • 14) increased accessibility • 15) water / air/ noise hazard • 16) natural disasters

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