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VP-structure

VP-structure. tt. Modalisation. Predication. Head. Complementation. The structure of VP. VP. Aux. V´. V. XP. XP can be any phrase (including S´) that may complete V. Present Ø -Ø/-s. Tense. Past Ø -ed. Modality. can, may, must, ought to shall, will. -Ø.

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VP-structure

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  1. VP-structure tt

  2. Modalisation Predication Head Complementation The structure of VP VP Aux V´ V XP XP can be any phrase (including S´) that may complete V

  3. Present Ø -Ø/-s Tense Past Ø -ed Modality can, may, must, ought to shall, will -Ø Perfect have -en Aspect Progressive be -ing Active Ø Ø Voice Passive be -en The secondary verbal categories Category Members Auxiliary V Morpheme

  4. Tense Modality Perfect Progressive Passive LexV ø -ed can -ø have -en be -ing be -en could have been being broken Affix-hopping break

  5. Morph looked -ed The construction of V-forms VP Aux V´ Tense V AuxV Ø look

  6. Morph Morph had broken -ed -en The construction of V-forms VP Aux V´ Tense V Perfect AuxV AuxV Ø have break

  7. Morph Morph Morph -ed -en -ing had been looking The construction of V-forms VP Aux V´ Tense Progressive V Perfect AuxV AuxV AuxV Ø have be look

  8. The function of Aux: Modalisation A fancy term for the information that the speaker has to provide the listener with when describing a situation by means of a sentence: Tense provides information for identifying the situation in time Modality provides information for identifying the situation in space Aspect provides information for identifying the situation relative to other situations Voice provides information for identifying the situation in terms of its central participants

  9. Event time = E Speech time = S HYPOTHETICAL Reference time = R T i m e F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e NECESSARY Utterance u carries the information that event e occur at E relative to R such that R precedes, coincides with, or succeeds S S Hans Reichenbach (1947)

  10. Last night The situation of John driving carefully ‘John drove carefullylast night’ occurred at time E = R < S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e R

  11. = S The situation of John driving carefully ‘John has driven carefully *last night’ occurred at time E < R = S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e R

  12. The situation of John driving carefully • ‘John had driven carefully • before the police appeared • until the police appeared • when the police appeared occurred at time E < R < S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e = 1) R

  13. The situation of John driving carefully • ‘John had driven carefully • before the police appeared • until the police appeared • when the police appeared occurred at time E < R < S T i m e E S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e = 2) R

  14. The situation of John driving carefully • ‘John had driven carefully • before the police appeared • until the police appeared • when the police appeared occurred at time E UNDEFINED R before S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL R T i m e = 3) R

  15. The situation of John driving carefully ‘John will drive carefully to occur at time E > R = S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e = S R

  16. The situation of John driving carefully ‘John may drive carefully HYPOTHETICAL PERHAPS to occur at time E > R = S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e = S R NECESSARY

  17. The situation of John driving carefully ‘John must drive carefully HYPOTHETICAL PERHAPS to occur at time E > R = S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e = S R NECESSARY

  18. The situation of John driving carefully ‘John should have driven carefully HYPOTHETICAL has NOT occurred at E < R = S E T i m e S F ACTUAL POTENTIAL T i m e = S R NECESSARY

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