Nail Diseases

1. Nail Diseases Is influenced by nutrition, general health, & disease

2. Nail Diseases • Determining the difference between a nail disease and a nail disorder is very important, because they are not the same and require different types of attention. • The Basic Manicure/Pedicure Rule: If the nail or skin is infected, inflamed, broken or swollen, do not work on it--particularly, if the cause is unknown.

3. Nail Diseases • A disease or infection will have evidence of pus, inflammation and infection. If an infection is present in the nail, your health advisor should be consulted. Do not manicure/pedicure these nails. • A disorder is a condition caused by an injury or an imbalance in the body. • The condition of one's nails and hair is often an outward manifestation of inward nutrition. What we do to our bodies is one thing; how our bodies respond is often based on the nutrients with which it has been supplied.

4. Nail disorders and diseases • Nail disorders and diseases are certainly not the most glamorous portion of your training in cosmetology, but they could be one of the most critical • If the area to be worked on is inflamed, infected, broken, or swollen, it should be referred to a physician

5. Onychosis • Onychosis: any disease, disorder, or condition of the nail. 1. To protect yourself and the client nail services should not be performed. 2. If a disease is present, the client must be referred to a physician. 3. If a disorder is present, a nail service may be done with extra care. 4. If a condition is present, nail services can be performed with the proper techniques, products, and nutrition.

6. Onychosis • Determine Onychosis 1. Identify the disease, disorder, or condition. 2. Identify etiology or cause of the disease, disorder, or condition; which could be internally, environmentally or or disease related. 3. Identify the onychosis (diagnosis) and give an outlook (prognosis). 4. Suggest home care products and treatments.

7. Analyze the Hands • When you are examining the hands and nails there are six signs of infection to look for; pain, swelling, redness, local fever, throbbing, and pus. • If any of these signs are present, you cannot perform services, but instead refer that person to a physician.

8. Key Point: Any person with a nail disease must be referred to a physician • Key Point: Clients with a nail disorder may receive a service unless infection is present.

9. Grows forward, starting at matrix & extending over digit tip Grows in a variety of shapes Average growth is 1/8” per month Grows faster in summer than winter Children's nails grow faster than adults Middle finger nail grows fastest Thumbnail grows slowest Toenails grow slower than fingernails, but are harder & thicker Nail Growth

10. Nail Malformation • Disease, injury or infection can affect the formation of the nails • If matrix remains in good condition, a normal nail will be replaced • Replacement normally takes four to six months

11. Nail Disorders • A condition caused by injury to the nail or disease or imbalance in the body • You must recognize those conditions you can treat & those which must be referred to a physician • if the area to be worked on is inflamed, infected, broken, or swollen, refer to a physician

12. Nail Disorders • Blue or discolored nails • caused by poor blood circulation, a heart disorder, or topical & oral medications • discoloration may indicate the presence of a systemic disorder • clients can benefit from regular manicures w/ polish, artificial tips or wraps

13. Bruised nails • Caused by a blood clot forming under the nail plate resulting in a dark purplish spot • due to injury • treat gently, avoid pressure

14. Eggshell nails • Noticeably thin, white nail plate & more flexible than normal • Nail separates from nail bed & curves at free edge • Caused by improper diet, internal disease, medication, or nervous disorders • Be very careful & gentle as these nails are fragile & break easily • Use fine emery board, no metal pusher

15. Corrugations ( wavy ridges ) • Caused by uneven growth of nails • usually a result of illness or injury • Carefully buff nails • Use ridge filler w/ colored polish to give smooth look

16. Furrows ( depressions ) Can run lengthwise or Crosswise Result from illness, injury to cells or matrix , pregnancy or stress Fragile

17. Hangnail or agnail • Condition where the cuticle splits around the nail • Caused by dryness of cuticle, cutting off too much cuticle or carelessly removing cuticle tissue

18. Leukonychia • White spots, whitish discoloration • Caused by injury to base of nail • Will grow off and not a sign of disease

19. Melanonychia • Darkening of fingernails or toenails • Black band under or within the nail plate, extending from the base to the free edge • Melanocytes (pigment cells) within the matrix bed

20. Onychatrophia • Atrophy or wasting away of the nail • Nail loses its luster, becomes smaller & sometimes is shed entirely • Injury or disease might account for this nail irregularity

21. Onychauxis or hypertrophy • Overgrowth of nail, usually in thickness rather than length • Caused by local infection or internal imbalance but can also be hereditary

22. Onychophagy • Bitten nails • Result of nervous habit • Help client to overcome this habit by offering frequent manicures

23. Onychorrhexis • Abnormal brittleness with striation (lines) of nail plate • Injury to the finger, careless filing of the nails, vit deficiencies, illness, frequent exposure to strong soap and water and excessive use of cuticle solvents and nail polish removers can cause this disorder

24. Plicatured nail – “folded nail” • Surface of nail is generally flat while one or both of the edges of the plate are folded at an angle of 90 degrees or more down into the soft-tissue nail margins • Result from injury that deforms the matrix bed

25. Pterygium • Forward growth of the eponychium (cuticle), with adherence to the surface of the nail • Usually this disorder is reversible • Do not push cuticle back, this will cause more injury to the tissues

26. Tile-shaped • Increased crosswise curvature throughout the nail plate • Caused by an increased curvature of the matrix bed itself • Borders are parallel to each other

27. Trumpet or pincer nail • Disorder in which the edges of the nail plate curl around to form the shape of a trumpet or cone at the free edge • Nail bed becomes constricted and may be painful

28. Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Bacterial infection • Discoloration is actually a bacterial infection that is naturally occurring bacteria on our skin but can grow out of control and cause an infection under certain conditions • Caused by the use of implements that are contaminated with bacteria

29. Pseudomonas aeruginosaa • Maybe avoided by strict sanitary precautions • Do no take shortcuts or omit any of the sanitation steps when performing an artificial nail service • Do not perform services for clients who are suspected off having fungus on their nails

30. Pseudomonas aeruginosaa • It is easily killed by exposure to air (anaerobic bacteria)

31. Onychosis • Technical term applied to any deformity or disease of the nails

32. Onychia • Is an inflammation of the matrix of the nail with formation of pus and shedding of the nail • Improperly disinfected nail implements and bacteria infection can cause this disease • Can be caused by a skin opening that allows entry of bacteria, fungi, or foreign materials • Be careful not to cause an abrasion or opening in the tissues around the nail plate while performing a nail service

33. Onychocryptosis • Ingrown nails, affect fingers or toes • Nail grows into the sides of the tissue around the nail • Do no work on an infected ingrown nail, refer to a physician

34. Onychogryposis – onychogryphosis • Thickening and increased curvature of the nail • Also called “ram’s horn nail” and is usually the result of injury to the matrix • My be hereditary and can also occur as the result of long-term neglect

35. Onycholysis • Loosening of the nail without shedding • Usually beginning at the free edge & continuing to the lunula • Associated w/ internal disorder, trauma, infection, nail fungi, and allergy to nail enhancement products, & drug treatments

36. Onychomadesis • Separation & falling off of a nail from the nail bed • Most cases, the cause is traced to a localized infection, minor injuries to the matrix bed, or severe systemic illness • Chemotherapy treatments or X-rays treatments for cancer may also cause it • When the nail is removed, a new nail plate will form

37. Onychophosis • Growth of horny epithelium in the nail bed

38. Onychophyma • Denotes swelling of the nail

39. Onychoptosis • Periodic shedding of one or more nails, in whole or in part • This condition \might follow certain diseases such as syphilis, or can result from fever, trauma, system upsets, or a reaction to prescription drugs

40. Paronychiaor Felon • Bacterial inflammation of tissues surrounding the nail • Pus, along w/ a gradual thickening & brownish discoloration of nail plate • “Runaround Paronychia” when the infection is around the entire nail • Chronic Paronychia is most often caused by a yeast infection of the soft tissues • Individuals who work in water a lot are prone to this type of infection

41. Pyogenic granuloma • Severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from the nail bed to the nail plate

42. Tinea pedis • Medical term for athlete’s foot or ringworm of the foot • Appear as isolated blisters or in groups can spread over the sole & between the toes, perhaps involving the nail fold & infecting the nail • Fungus infection of the feet is likely to become chronic

43. Tinea unguium or onychomycosis or ringworm of the nail

44. Tinea Unguium or Onychomycosis or ringworm of the nail • Ringworm of the nails • Common form is whitish patches that can be scraped off the surface of the nail • Second form is long, yellowish streaks within the nail substance • Invades free edge & spreads toward the root • Third form, deeper layers of the nail are invaded, causing the superficial layers to appear irregularly thin

45. Know your nails…… • Many cosmetology professional are interested in nails because of the creative opportunities that can be explored there • As with every other area of cosmetology, the creativity must be rounded in a full awareness of the structure and physiology of the body part with which you are working • Working on good, strong, healthy nails can be a pleasure • Working on unhealthy nails can be a danger, both to your clients and to yourself • Begin with the knowledge and grow from there