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Financial Management

Learn about the cost of capital, WACC model, and time value of money in financial management. Understand how to calculate the cost of debt, preferred stock, and equity, and determine the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for a company.

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Financial Management

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  1. Financial Management 5. Cost of capital. WACC Model. 6. Time Value of Money. 7. Basic Model of Capital Assets Valuation. Liliya N. Zhilina, World Economy and Inrernational Relations Department, Vladivostok State University of Economic and Services (VSUES). liliya.zhilina@vvsu.ru

  2. 5. Cost of Capital. WACC Model.

  3. What types of long-term capital do firms use? • Long-term debt • Preferred stock • Common equity

  4. Cost of Debt • Interest is tax deductible, so kd AT= kd BT(1 - T) = 10%*(1 - 0.40) = 6%. • Use nominal rate. • Flotation costs small, so ignore.

  5. Cost of preferred stock Flotation costs for preferred are significant, so are reflected. Use net price. Nominal kps is used. PP = $113.10; D=10% of Par = $100; F = $2. The formula:

  6. Picture of Preferred  0 1 2 kps = ? ... -111.1 2.50 2.50 2.50

  7. Preferred stock more risky to investors than debt • Company not required to pay preferred dividend. • However, firms want to pay preferred dividend. Otherwise, (1) cannot pay common dividend, (2) difficult to raise additional funds, and (3) preferred stockholders may gain control of firm.

  8. Two ways that companies can raise common equity • Companies can issue new shares of common stock. • Companies can reinvest earnings. • Earnings can be reinvested or paid out as dividends. • Investors could buy other securities, earn a return. • Thus, there is an opportunity cost if earnings are reinvested.

  9. Three ways to determine the cost of equity, ks: 1. CAPM: ks = kRF + (kM - kRF)b = kRF + (RPM)b. 2. DCF: ks = D1/P0 + g. 3. Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk Premium: ks = kd + RP.

  10. The cost of equity based on the CAPM kRF = 7%, RPM = 6%, b = 1.2. ks = kRF + (kM - kRF )b. = 7.0% + (6.0%)1.2 = 14.2%.

  11. The DCF cost of equity, ks Given: D0 = $4.19;P0 = $50; g = 5%.

  12. Find ks using the own-bond-yield-plus-risk-premium method(kd = 10%, RP = 4%.) • This RP  CAPM RPM. ks = kd + RP = 10.0% + 4.0% = 14.0%

  13. A reasonable final estimate of ks Method Estimate CAPM 14.2% DCF 13.8% kd + RP 14.0% Average 14.0%

  14. What’s the WACC? Weighted Average Cost of Capital WACC = wdkd(1 - T) + wpskps + wceks = 0.3(10%)(0.6) + 0.1(9%) + 0.6(14%) = 1.8% + 0.9% + 8.4% = 11.1%. here: Wd, wp, wc - weights of the parts of total capital; T – tax rate.

  15. WACC for some US companies CompanyWACC Intel 12.9% General Electric 11.9 Motorola 11.3 Coca-Cola 11.2 Walt Disney 10.0 AT&T 9.8 Wal-Mart 9.8 Exxon 8.8 H. J. Heinz 8.5 BellSouth 8.2

  16. WACC of some Russian companies, 2009-2010

  17. WACC forMicroDrive, 2001 kRF = 4,5% kM = 13%, β = 1,25/ ks = kRF + (kM - kRF )*β = Required return on preferred,kps = Preferred Stock: $40 mln; preferred dividends: $4 mln WACC =

  18. Required return on MicroDrive’s equity,ks ks = kRF + (kM - kRF )β = = 4,5% + (13%-4,5%)*1,25 = 15,2% Required return on MicroDrive’s preferred,kps Preferred Stock: $40 mln Preferred dividends: $4 mln Kps =10%

  19. WACC forMicroDrive, 2001 WACC =15,2%*0,53 + 10%*0,45*(1-0,40) + 10*0,02 = 11%

  20. What factors influence a company’s WACC? • Market conditions, especially interest rates and tax rates. • The firm’s capital structure and dividend policy. • The firm’s investment policy. Firms with riskier projects generally have a higher WACC.

  21. Should the company use the composite WACC as the hurdle rate for each of its projects? • NO! The composite WACC reflects the risk of an average project undertaken by the firm. Therefore, the WACC only represents the “hurdle rate” for a typical project with average risk. • Different projects have different risks. The project’s WACC should be adjusted to reflect the project’s risk.

  22. 6. Time Value of Money

  23. Time Value of Money • Future value (FV) • Present value (PV) • Rates of return • Loan amortization Money (with similar nominal) paid or received at different points in time have different values (because of risks, alternative costs, and inflation).

  24. Time lines show timing of cash flows. 0 1 2 3 i% CF0 CF1 CF2 CF3 Tick marksat ends of periods, so Time 0 is today; Time 1 is the end of Period 1; or the beginning of Period 2.

  25. What’s the FV of an initial $100 after 3 years if i = 10%? 1 2 0 3 10% 100 FV = ? Finding FVs (moving to the right on a time line) is called compounding. FVn = PV(1 + i)n.

  26. n FV 1 æ ö ç ÷ n PV = = FV è ø ( ) n n 1 + i 1 + i What’s the PV of $100 due in 3 years if i = 10%? Finding PVs is discounting, and it’s the reverse of compounding. 3 0 2 1 10% 100 PV = ?

  27. What’s the FV of a 3-year ordinary annuity of $100 at 10%? 0 1 2 3 10% 100 100 100 110 121 FV = 331

  28. What’s the PV of this ordinary annuity? 0 1 2 3 10% 100 100 100 90.91 82.64 75.13 248.69 = PV

  29. Spreadsheet Solution A B C D 1 0 1 2 3 2 100 100 100 3 248.69 Excel Formula in cell A3: =NPV(10%,B2:D2)

  30. What is the PV of this uneven cashflow stream? 4 0 1 2 3 10% 100 300 300 200 90.91 247.93 225.39 136.60 700.84 = PV

  31. Spreadsheet Solution A B C D E 1 0 1 2 3 4 2 100 300 300 200 3 700.84 Excel Formula in cell A3: =NPV(10%,B2:E2)

  32. 0 1 2 3 10% 100 133.10 Annually: FV3 = $100(1.10)3 = $133.10. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 5% 100 134.01 Semiannually: FV6 = $100(1.05)6 = $134.01.

  33. iNom is stated in contracts. Periods per year (m) must also be given. • Periodic rate = iPer = iNom/m, where m is number of compounding periods per year. m = 4 for quarterly, 12 for monthly, and 360 or 365 for daily compounding. • Examples: 10% monthly: iPer = 10%/12 = 2,5%. 10% quarterly: iPer = 10%/4 = 0,833%. 10% daily (365): iPer = 10%/365 = 0.0274%.

  34. Effective Annual Rate (EAR = EFF%): The annual rate which causes PV to grow to the same FV as under multi-period compounding. Example: EFF% for 10%, semiannual: FV = (1 + iNom/m)m = (1.05)2 = 1.1025. EFF%= 10.25% because (1.1025)1 = 1.1025. Any PV would grow to same FV at 10.25% annually or 10% semiannually.

  35. m EFF% = - 1 (1 + ) iNom m Effective Annual Rate (EAR = EFF%) EFF% for a nominal rate of 10%, m = 2 (1 + ) 0.10 2 2 = - 1 = (1.05)2 - 1 = 0.1025 = 10.25% EARAnnual = 10%. EARQ = (1 + 0.10/4)4 - 1 = 10.38%. EARM = (1 + 0.10/12)12 - 1 = 10.47%. EARD(360) = (1 + 0.10/360)360 - 1 = 10.52%.

  36. EFF = iNom, if m = 1. • Banks say “interest paid monthly.” Same as compounded monthly. iNom: Written into contracts, quoted by banks and brokers. For calculations and comparisons. EFF :

  37. FV of $100 after 3 years under 10% semiannual compounding? Quarterly? mn i   Nom FV = PV 1 . +     n m 2x3 0.10   FV = $100 1 +     3S 2 = $100(1.05)6 = $134.01. FV3Q = $100(1.025)12 = $134.49.

  38. Loan amortization table • A table that breaks down the periodic fixed payment of an installment loan into its principal and interest components. • The principal component of each payment reduces the remaining principal balance. • The interest component is the interest payment on the beginning-of-period principal balance. • Amortization tables are widely used-for home mortgages, auto loans, business loans, retirement plans, and so on.

  39. Construct an amortization schedule for a ¥ 5 000 and 1 year loan, 10% annual rate with 12equal payments. Interest Interest declines because outstanding balance declines, principal payments increase.

  40. 7. Basic Model of Capital Assets Valuation: Discounted Cash Flows. Bonds and Stocks Valuation.

  41. Discounted Cash Flow Model (DCF модель) 1 0 2 t k CF2 CFt CF1 PV CF1 PV CF2 PV CFt PV0 PV0 - present value of an asset

  42. 0 1 2 n Value CF1 CF2 CFn Financial Asset Valuation k ... CF CF CF 1 2 n + + + PV = . . . .       1 2 n 1 + k 1 + k 1 + k

  43. The discount rate (ki) is the opportunity cost of capital, i.e., the rate that could be earned on alternative investments of equal risk. ki = k* + IP + LP + MRP + DRP for debt securities.

  44. 0 1 2 10 What’s the value of a 10-year, 10% coupon bond if kd = 10%? 10% ... 100 + 1,000 V = ? 100 100 $100 $100 $1 , 000 V  . . . + + + B 1 10 10       1 k 1 k 1 k + + + d d d = $90.91 + . . . + $38.55 + $385.54 = $1,000.

  45. Different Approaches for Valuing Common Stock • Dividend growth model • Using the multiples of comparable firms • Free cash flow method

  46. Stock Value = PV of Dividends What is a constant growth stock? One whose dividends are expected to grow forever at a constant rate, g.

  47. For a constant growth stock, If g is constant, then:

  48. D0 was $2.00 and g is a constant 6%. Find the expected dividends for the next 3 years, and their PVs. ks = 13%. 0 1 2 3 4 g=6% D0=2.00 2.12 2.2472 2.3820 13% 1.8761 1.7599 1.6508

  49. What’s the stock’s market value? D0 = 2.00, ks = 13%, g = 6%. Constant growth model: $2.12 $2.12 = = $30.29. 0.13 - 0.06 0.07

  50. Nonconstant growth followed by constant growth: 0 1 2 3 4 ks=13% g = 30% g = 30% g = 30% g = 6% D0 = 2.00 2.60 3.38 4.394 4.6576 2.3009 2.6470 3.0453 46.1135 ^ 54.1067 = P0

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