AP World History Period 1 / Chapter 2 Developments in South & Southeast Asia

1. AP World HistoryPeriod1 / Chapter 2Developments in South & Southeast Asia

2. Religious influences in South & Southeast Asia • Three major religions will affect the peoples and culture of S/SE Asia • Islam (will spread through traders and conquest of lands) • Indian Ocean trade • Delhi Sultanate • Hinduism (originates in India, but will be practiced albeit shakily by empires such as the Khmer Empire in Cambodia) • Buddhism (will originate in India, but because it did not correspond well with the caste system, Buddhism will spread to Southeast Asia via monks and traders)

3. South Asian Religions and Empires • Religious Practices • Islam • Hinduism • Bhakti movement • Buddhism • Empires/Kingdoms • Vijayanagara Empire (India) • Rajput Kingdom (India) • Sinhala Dynasties (Sri Lanka)

4. Delhi Sultanate(1206-1526) • In the 7th century, Muslim invaders, traders, and migrants carry Islamic civilization to India • 711: Sind, land in western India, conquered • 12th c.: Indus River Valley and north central India conquered by Muhammad of Ghur • 1206: creation of Delhi Sultanate, an extensive Islamic state in the Indus valley and north-central India led by Wutb-ud-din Aibak • For the first time since the Guptas, North India is now unified • Society where Muslim rulers governed Hindu subjects, employ Hindus to govern over small communities • Although the Delhi Sultanate is militarily powerful, it does not establish a strong government. • 1298: Seized trading state of Gujarat to increase success in Indian Ocean trade

5. Islam in India • Islamic civilization was enriched by Indian culture, while Indian achievements were passed to Arabs • Muslims came as conquerors but interactions with Indians were generally peaceful, while the main carriers of Islam were conquerors, traders, and Sufi mystics. • Additionally, colonies of Arab traders settled along India’s coasts, adopted local customs • Provided staging points for Islamic expansion to Southeast Asia. • Muslim communities adopted many Indian ways and attempts were made to bridge the gaps between Islam and Hinduism.

6. Hinduism vs. Islam • High-caste Hindus did not accept Muslims as equals and did not want to give up their caste spots to their conquerors, but lower caste members and untouchables liked the equality in Islam. • Islam succumbs to the caste system; could not eradicate it. Hindus maintain dominance in the system. • Muslim Ulama stressed the incompatibility of Islam’s principles with Hindu beliefs. • Majority of population in India remained Hindu, and India remained the least converted of all regions where Islam spreads.

7. Hinduism vs. Islam • There are not many Indian Hindu converts to Islam, as a result of these differences. Additionally, the two religions have a difficult time co-existing.

8. Bhakti movement • “Bhakti” means devotion or devotional love • Emerges in south India in 7th c. CE • A reform of Hinduism that promoted an alternate path to salvation through devotion, not outdated rituals • Enormously popular because: • It empowered those in the lowest segments of the caste system • It emphasized the individual’s direct connection to the gods • Bhagavad Gita is one of the central Bhakti texts • Considered the defining movement of Hinduism today

9. Vijayanagara Empire1336 - 1646 • Southern provinces united after repeated attempts to ward off Islamic invaders in the south • Hugely wealthy empire that participated in Indian Ocean trade • Trade with China’s admiral Zheng He was common • Hinduism was promoted • Bhakti was active in Vijayanagara Empire • Led by a king with a large cabinet of ministers headed by a prime minister • Empire was divided into five main provinces • Economy was based on agriculture: sorghum, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat • Significant in world history as this empire transcended regionalism by promoting a broadly common form of Hinduism

10. Rajput Kingdoms • What are the Rajput? • Claim descendance from three Hindu gods: sun god; moon god; fire god • Became an elite group of Indians who mostly were in the warrior caste • Never unite into one large kingdom because they were very loyal to their individual clans • Rajput kingdoms were kingdoms in the northern half of India ruled/led by members of the Rajput • Prevented total Muslim conquest in the early post classical period (until Delhi Sultunate) • Significance: helped keep power in northern India controlled by elite classes and prevented (at times) Muslim consolidated power in the north

11. Sinhala dynasties • Sinhala monarchies refers to the kings of Sri Lanka • Sri Lanka was not ruled as a unified island • System of government: monarch with absolute power; supported by officials and ministers; succession was hereditary • After Buddhism was introduced, Buddhism became the predominant religious practice on the island with Buddhist priests occupying a central social and political role • 1796: British entered the island and gained control of coastal areas • 1815: Britain recognized the island as part of the British Empire (ended 2357 years of independent Sinhala rule)

12. What were some major empires in South Asia? • Can you name one fact about each? Quick Review Question

13. Religious practice in Southeast Asia • Religious Practices • Islam • Hinduism • Bhakti movement • Buddhism • Especially Buddhist monasticism • Empires/Kingdoms • Khmer Empire • Srivijaya Empire • Majapahit • Sukhothai Kingdom

14. Islam in Southeast Asia • Continues to spread East after Islam is in India; result of trading contacts and Sufi conversion efforts rather than military conquests. • 8th c.: Southeast Asian sailors and ships, who were active in trade, interacted with Islamic traders after Muslims had gained control of Indian Ocean commerce • Coastal cities were most receptive to Islam; most exposed to a variety of things due to interactions with other cultures through trade • Conversions are generally peaceful: New believers combine Islamic teaching/rituals with elements of local religion. • Islamic law ruled legal transactions.

15. Buddhism vs. Islam • There were Buddhist who converted to Islam all across Southeast Asia, and many were peaceful; Buddhists were the most numerous converts to Islam.

16. Buddhist Monasticism • Buddhism itself though was extremely popular in SE Asia • Critically important to world history  this is how (in addition to merchants) Buddhism spread from India to Southeast and East Asia • Monasticism: a religious way of life that renounces worldly pursuits for spiritual ones • Live celibate lives that are simple and focused • Buddhist monks/nuns are responsible for preserving and spreading Buddhist teachings • They also must provide a living example of how to lead a Buddhist life • Monastic practices can vary significantly from region to region (displays the regional varieties of Buddhism)

17. Srivijaya Empire7th – 12th c. • Empire in modern-day Indonesia • Traded extensively with India and China • Controlled two main passageways: Sunda Straits & Strait of Malacca • Cross-cultural: incorporated Buddhism and Chinese political practices • China considered Srivijaya Empire a vassal (vassal states are subordinate to another nation); indicates a strong relationship between China and Srivijaya • Heavily Buddhist: popular form was Vajrayana • Vajrayana Buddhism is a mystical form of Buddhism that involves the cultivation of magical or supernatural powers • This was popular because Buddhist monks mixed Buddhist practice with indigenous reliance on magic (syncretism) • Declined when Chola, an Indian dynasty, attacked them in 1025  Islam was spread by the Chola

18. Khmer Empire(Also called Angkor kingdom) • Kingdom in SE Asia that ruled over Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam • Founded by Jayavarman II in 802 • Power was held by hereditary emperors supported by provincial and local ruelrs • Capital was Angkor, at which there was a huge city and temple complex (Angkor Wat) • Highly agricultural: champa rice paddies supported by huge system of irrigation and canals • Kingdom began as Hindu, but gradually shifted to being Buddhist • Jayavarman VII is generally considered the greatest king • Ordered huge building projects: highways; hospitals; monuments; temples • Added onto and converted Angkor Wat to be a Buddhist temple (originally was a Hindu temple)

19. Sukhothai kingdom1238 - 1438 • Empire in mostly modern day Thailand • Formed after a local revolt against the Khmer Empire • Expansion soon followed • By 14th century, they controlled most of modern day Thailand while eastern provinces remained under Khmer/Angkor rule • Trading relations existed with the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China • Sukhothai Kingdom known for its exported glazed ceramics • Predominantly Hindu though Buddhism was practiced

20. Majapahit Empire1293-1527 • SE Asian empire of 98 tributaries • One of the last major empires of SE Asia • Precedent for modern Indonesia’s boundaries • Primarily a Hindu empire, though Buddhism was also practiced • Though Muslim courtiers were present, Islam does not seem to be a major religion yet in this area • Well organized bureaucratic structure that promoted an absolute king • 14th c.: experienced a Golden Age with expansion and cultural growth • Primarily traded spices: clove; nutmeg; cinnamon • Heavily agricultural: rice; sesame; bananas; coconut; sugarcane

21. Sultanate of Malacca1400-1511 • Descendent of Srivijaya Empire in Indonesia • One of the most important ports for importing, storing, exporting goods • Seafaring society • Critical trading empire in the Indian Ocean trade routes • Emerged as a center for Islamic learning and dissemination • Had a golden age of literature and arts • 1511: fell to the Portuguese Empire • King retreated further into the empire and established a new kingdom

22. Indian Ocean Trade • Chinese Junks (huge ships) were common – ship models refined in late Tang and Song • Established market networks along Indian ocean coast • Arab control and Chinese control often rivaled in Indian Ocean • Compasses and astrolabes used to increase accuracy in navigation • Led to exchanges of religious ideas and technologies A typical junk compared to Columbus' Santa Maria

23. Indian Ocean Trade • Unlike the Silk Roads, transportation costs much lower • Ships could carry much more at one time than camels • Sea Roads carried more bulk and staple goods (not just luxury items like the Silk Roads) • Exported raw materials (furs, ivory, gold, salt, timber) in return for Indian, Islamic and Chinese luxuries • Monsoons = alternating wind currents • Summer: blow NE from SW • Winter: blow SW from NE • Trade occurred between individual merchant towns, not facilitated by major empires

24. Indian Ocean Trade & Diasporas • Given the time-consuming nature of trade and exchange, it was common for traders to move about and permanently settle in new locations • Diasporic communities in the Indian Ocean emerged as a result • Arabs and Persians in East Africa (Swahili coast) • Chinese merchants in southeast Asia • Malay communities in Indian Ocean basin • Led to an exchange of religions, languages, and other forms of knowledge

25. What were some major empires in Southeast Asia? • Can you name one fact about each? Quick Review Question

26. Summative Group Activity • Imagine you are a trader in India. Do you like Islam? Are you interested in it? Explain. • Imagine you are an aristocrat in India. Do you like Islam? Are you interested in it? Explain. • Imagine you are a trader in Southeast Asia. Do you like Islam? Are you interested in it? Explain.