The Agricultural Revolution & Early Industrial Revolution

1. The Agricultural Revolution & Early Industrial Revolution AP Euro Chapter 9 (pages211-224

2. Agriculture and the Land 1700’s • Most Europeans derived their livelihood from agriculture • oriented their lives around the seasons, the village, the manor. • Too much rain or not enough could lead to starvation

3. The Importance of Land • Land – the Economic basis 18th century Europe • Foundation of status & power for nobility • Source of oppression for peasants

4. Rural Reality • 3/4ths of all Europeans lived in rural areas • Worked the land

5. Open- Field System • Divided land around each village into several large fields • No fences or hedges • Peasants farmed as a community

6. Open Field System, Enclosure • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hl-HznLeQs0

7. Peasants & Serfs: What’s the Difference? • Peasants – were “free” tenants (Western Europe) • Serfs- were not free. More like slaves (Eastern Europe)

8. The Family Economy & The Household 1700’s Rural Living Pre-Industrial / Pre- Revolution

9. Key Point! • The family remained the primary social and economic institution of early modern Europe and took several forms, including the nuclear family.

10. The Family Economy • The Household the Basic unit of production • 2 models: • 1. North Western Europe • 2. Eastern Europe

11. 1. North Western Household • Household consisted of the Nuclear Family: • Married couple, children , maybe a servant (younger person, a social equal, works until marriage). • Children lived with parents until teen years

12. 1.North Western Household • Neocalism- when a child moves away from home • Men married at 26 • Women married at 23 • Considered “late” marriage

13. 2. Eastern Europe Household • Household consisted of Extended Family: • Married couple, children, grandparents etc. • Larger households • Younger Parents • Idea is to “add” to household, not leave

14. The Family Economy • 1. Impossible for ordinary people to support themselves independently • 2. Everyone in household worked • 3. Goods produced for benefit of household • 4. “self contained” unit • 5. Men and women engaged in separate but complimentary tasks

15. Those Who Lived By Themselves… • seen as suspicious! • Potential criminals, or beggars • Remember, even servants lived with a family…

16. Women and the Family Economy • Marriage regardless of class, an economic necessity! • Number 1 concern: maintaining house • Number 2 concern : bearing and rearing children

17. Life of Lower Class Women • At age 7, girls considered old enough to help around the house • Once a girl left home, she had to support family, and save up for her dowry

18. Women & Children • High mortality rates for children – disease • Unsanitary conditions • The desperately poor sometimes could not afford babies

19. Foundling Hospitals • Paris and London • Homes for abandoned children “orphans” • Most children illegitimate • Parents could not afford them/gave them up

20. Abandoned Children • Link between movement of people and an increase in abandoned children • Link between rise of food prices and abandoned children

21. The Sad Truth… • Only 10 % of abandoned children lived to the age of ten.

22. The Agricultural Revolution Changes in the midst…

23. Agricultural Questions 18th Century (1700’s) • 1. How do you produce surplus (extra) crops? • 2. How can you bring down the price of crops?

24. Agricultural Revolution • Innovations in agriculture led to improvements in agricultural production • And • Transformed the “traditional” family economy

25. Jethro Tull (1674-1741) • English • Developed Seed Drill • Seed drill Allowed seeds to be planted in rows, rather than by casting seeds randomly • Advocated use of Iron Plows

26. Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674-1738) • English; • Introduced Crop Rotation – wheat, turnips, barley, clover • Crop rotation Restores nutrients in soil

27. Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) • English; • Pioneered new methods of animal breeding • Bred stronger animals

28. Enclosure System • 1. The fencing off of common lands • 2. Commercialized agriculture (no longer a communal ritual) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0nM5DU4ADI

29. Improvements in Agriculture • 1. Impacted the food supply in a positive manner • 2. Allowed landowners to have a “disposable” income – money left over to purchase manufactured goods, or invest in other business opportunities

30. Impact of Agricultural Revolution • Improved farm production in Western Europe, but not Eastern Europe. • Main impact in Eastern Europe: the introduction of maize and potato

31. Demographic Changes • Europe’s Population Rose • 1700 – 100 to 120 million • By 1800 – 180 to190 million • By 1850 – 260 million • Mortality rates declined due to Changes in food supply

32. Factors That Led to Population Increase • 1. Fewer epidemic diseases • 2. Improved sanitation and hygiene • 3. Better & More Stable Food supply • Population shifts and growing commerce caused the expansion of cities • Which became stressed by rapid growth

33. Chapter 13:The Spread of the Industrial Revolution and its Impact on Society Mid – Late 1700’s From Domestic System to Industrialization

34. Industrialization • Second Half of 18th Century • Focus on “Manufactured goods” Led to… • 1. Industrialization • 2. Movement of people • 3. Growth of Cities and Ports

35. Shift From Human and Animal Power to Mechanical Power • 1. Agricultural Revolution 1700’s led to abundant food supply • 2. the Enclosure Movement forced many poor rural people to move to cities and work in factories • 3. Growth of population created a pool of workers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4joqYycnqM

36. Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain… Why? • 1. Innovations in Agriculture • 2. New Technology – (beginning with) Textile industry • 3. Large population • 4. Stable Economy • 5. Available natural resources Coal & Iron Production • 6. Harbors & Rivers –(necessary for water power)

37. Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain… Why? • 7. Society embraced encouraged new ideas “industrial enlightenment” • 8. Parliamentary Monarchy encouraged new innovations • 9. Investors • 10. historical background- intellectual movements of the past paved the way

38. Cottage Industry (Transition) • 1. Peasant home #1 would spin threadat home for extra $. • 2. Merchant would take finished thread to peasant home #2 * This family would then weave thread into fabric.

39. The Cottage Industry • Was basic feature of family economy until Mid 18th Century • The demand for cotton textiles grew more rapidly than production, • So … • Investors searched for faster ways to produce fabric & clothing • Led to the Birth of factory system

40. Transition from Cottage Industry to Factory System • The introduction of machines revolutionized the textile industry in Britain • Faster production at cheaper rate • Concentration of labor in new factories brought laborers and families to factory towns/cities

41. 1. Water Power • 1700’s Water Wheels powered first machines & factories • Thus, 1st factories had to be built by water source

42. 2.The Flying Shuttle (1730’s) • Invented by: John Kay • Allowed weavers to work fast • Problem: they outpaced spinners

43. 3.The Spinning Jenny (1764-1768) • Invented by : James Hargreaves • Spun many threads at the same time (16 originally) • Enabled spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities

44. 4. Water Frame (1769) • Invented By: Richard Arkwright • Machine used water power to speed up spinning

45. 5. The Steam Engine • 1. Thomas Newcomen’s original invention 1712 – large, inefficient • Used to pump water out of coal mines

46. 5. The Steam Engine • 2. James Watt’s Modified Version 1769 – revolutionized industry • Use of steam engine spread slowly until 1800’s • Tireless source of power dependant on coal

47. 6. Power Loom (1787) • Invented by: Edmund Cartwright • Used for weaving cloth • Did not gain importance until 1830’s! • By then, more power loom weavers than hand loom weavers

48. British Textile Industry , Early 1800’s • Introduction of the Factory system led to growth of Textile Industry • British Textiles shipped all over the world • Great Britain’s economic foundation • Other industries: iron making, shipbuilding

49. Manchester, England • Center of Textile Industry • 1st mechanized cotton mill built in 1780 • Population grew from 25,000 in 1772 to 445,000 in 1851! • City Slow to provide police protection, water supply, sewage removal, and disposal of garbage

50. Manchester, England • City was Slow to provide : • police protection, water supply, sewage removal, and • disposal of garbage