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The Physical Examination Cattle - II

The Physical Examination Cattle - II. Procedures . Equipment . • Halter • Watch • Stethoscope • Large animal thermometer • Black plate • CMT paddle & solution. Equipment cont. • Flashlight • Rectal sleeve • Betadine & lube • Ketone powder/stick • 18-16g 1 inch needle Alcohol.

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The Physical Examination Cattle - II

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  1. The Physical ExaminationCattle - II

  2. Procedures

  3. Equipment • Halter • Watch • Stethoscope • Large animal thermometer • Black plate • CMT paddle & solution

  4. Equipment cont. • Flashlight • Rectal sleeve • Betadine & lube • Ketone powder/stick • 18-16g 1 inch needle • Alcohol

  5. Equipment cont. • Mouth gag • Frick speculum • Stomach tube • Funnel/pump • Rope

  6. Equipment cont. • New methylene blue • Slides • Blood collection vials • Balling gun • Nose lead

  7. Basics • Begins before touching animal – Don’t get focused on one abnormality • Consistent routine – Avoid becoming sidetracked – Miss other abnormalities • Done by regions, not systems • Modified if no restraint & fractious animal

  8. Physical Examination (PE) • Proper restraint ! • Tail tone & perineal reflex • Rectal temperature • Pulse (coccygeal artery) • Skin & hair coat • Vulva mucous membranes • Urine sample

  9. Urine sample • http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2526123288783033228 • http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2965268262150259000

  10. Normal Values Rectal Temperature °F °C    • Beef cow 101 38.3 • Dairy cow 101.5 38.6 • Young calf 101.8–102.2 38.8–39 • Young cattle1yr 101.3 – 104.9 38.5–40.5 • Cattle > 1 year 101.3–104 38.5–40

  11. Normal Values • Heart rate: 40-80/min • Calf: first days of birth 116 – 141 • Calf: 8-14 days old 108 • Calf: 1 month old 105 • Calf: 2 months 101 • Calf: 3 months 99 • Calf: 6 months 96 • Young cattle ~ 1 yr 91 • Cow/ Ox: Adult 70-90

  12. Normal Values • Respiratory Rate: 10–30/ min • Calf: 4 days 56 • Calf: 14 days 50 • Calf: 5 weeks 37 • Young cattle: 6 months 30 • Young cattle: 1 yr 27 • Cattle adult 12-16

  13. Left neck • Skin – hydration Edema: bottle jaw/ brisket edema • Left jugular vein/mammary vein: distended? • Trachea & Larynx – Auscult & compress • Thyroid glands – Not normally palpable • Left superficial cervical lymph node

  14. Left thorax Heart (3rd – 6th ICS) – Apex: caudal to the elbow, 6th ICS Base: cranial elbow – auscult – note intensity, location, thrills – rate (40-80/min) – compare heart with pulse rate – cardiac rhythm – valve locations • PAM: 3rd, 4th (shoulder), 5th ICS

  15. CVS - Disease • Tachycardia: Infectious disease • Bradycardia: Vagal indigestion • Muffled heart sounds: pericardial and pleural effusion   • Fevers: Bacterial endocarditis and some cases of lymphosarcoma • Murmurs: most common cause is bacterial endocarditis: primarily in tricuspid valve than mitral valve on the left.  • Secondary to GI diseases such as "hardware", traumatic reticulopericarditis: Muffled heart sounds with or without a washing machine-like murmur, distended jugular veins, jugular pulse and brisket edema • Atrial fibrillation causes a irregularly, irregular heart beat, and is generally associated with a GI problem such as an LDA.

  16. Left thorax • Respiratory system • Auscult: smaller area 11th rib • Normal lung sounds: louder on inspiration than expiration (loudest in the ventral lung fields).  • Hold nostrils for better auscult • Pneumonia (consolidated lung): increased sounds in ventral lung field.  • Crackles and wheezes are abnormal lung sounds.  • Palpate the tracheal to try and induce a cough. 

  17. Left foreleg • Inspection & palpation • Note if any evidence of: – heat – pain – swelling – redness – skin temperature

  18. Left Abdominal area • Rumen • inspection, palpation • auscult – frequency & character • Ping (fluid-gas) • Abomasum: LDA • Rumen: normal unless otherwise (palpate for rumen) • 1-3/minute • 1º rumen/reticulum • 2º rumen only

  19. Pinch and Grunt Tests • Withers scootch test (Pinch) • Normal: flex back ventrally when her withers are pinched as seen above. • Abnormal: not flex ventrally – GI pain • hardware, abomasal ulcers, or distention of the small intestine with gas • Grunt test • Plank/ hand and knee on xiphoid • Pain: cow grunts (auscult trachea inspiration), kicks, or acts uncomfortable

  20. Back • Mammary lymph nodes • Shape & symmetry of abdomen/thorax Pear; Abnormal: apple/papple • Feces • Mammary glands • Milk samples • Subcutaneous abdominal veins

  21. Black cup CMT results

  22. Foul smell and necrotic odor • Arcanobacterium pyogenes • (another)anaerobe • Watery milk, swollen udder • Coliforms • Watery and red, sick cow • Staph aureus: poor prognosis • Subclinical mastitis: contagious organisms:Staphylococcus aureus, • Streptococcus agalactia, Mycoplasma bovis • Clinical mastitis: • Environmental organisms: Strep. nonag. Group:50% • Coliform organisms (Eschericia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter sp., etc.) • 90% of the time

  23. Right Thorax • Heart (apex 6th ICS) • Triscuspid: 3rd ICS • Respiratory system

  24. Right neck Jugular vein Jugular Refill • Superficial prescapular • lymph node • Pre-femoral

  25. Right Abdomen • GI • Pings • Normal: cecum, spiral colon, small intestine, duodenum, uterus (after calving), peritoneum, rectum • Abnormal: • distended or displaced cecum • RDA and RTA (right abomasal torsion) cranial to the 8th to 10th rib • Liver • Fatty liver

  26. Right Foreleg • Inspection & palpation • Note if any evidence of: – heat – pain – swelling – redness – skin temperature

  27. Head • Posture of head & ears – Neurological dz • Symmetry • Facial expression • Eye movements • Nostrils – Discharge, odor, ulcers

  28. Rectal Examination • Last to avoid pneumorectum • Presence & consistency of manure • Pressure • Pelvic bones • Left • Rumen – size, position, • Left Kidney – size, position, pain

  29. Rectal cont. • Females - cervix, vagina, uterus, ovaries Males – base of penis, accessory sex glands, internal inguinal rings Urolithiasis – size of ureters? Pulsations? • Right - abnormal vicera, distended spiral colon, cecum, small intestines

  30. Vaginal Examination • Pre-calving • Post calving • Before rectal examination • Wash • Note for any evidence of: – Tears – vaginal & cervical – Retained fetal membranes – Metritis

  31. Palpation pregnant cow

  32. Palpation pregnant cow

  33. Palpation pregnant cow

  34. Vaginal Exam • Cervix predominantly pelvic and freely movable • Normal nonpregnant uterus • Pregnancies up to 60 to 70 days • Postparturient involution more than 14 days after parturition • Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates or secretion <2 liters • Chronic metritis without appreciable accumulation of exudates • Cervix abdominal and fixed • Pregnancies after 70 days • Uninvoluted postpartum tract • Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates >2 liters • Extensive adhesions • Tumors (Lymphosarcoma)

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