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Civil War and Reconstruction

Civil War and Reconstruction. Pre - Civil War. Jacksonian Democracy (Andrew Jackson). 1 . Sectional differences over tariffs: South was harmed- had to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce.

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Civil War and Reconstruction

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  1. Civil War and Reconstruction

  2. Pre - Civil War

  3. Jacksonian Democracy (Andrew Jackson) 1. Sectional differences over tariffs: South was harmed- had to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce. 2. Nullification:States have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them to be unconstitutional. 3. Refusal to re-charter National banks: Jackson preferred State banks (downsize the federal government) 4. Indian Removal Act: The “Trail of Tears” forcefully removed tribes to Indian country (Oklahoma)

  4. Manifest Destiny: What? The U.S. had a God-given right to expand west 2. Why? To link the west, expand democracy, acquire new lands and new markets. 3. Result? Expansion created new “free” and “slave” states; led to war with Mexico and the Oregon territory became part of U.S.

  5. Louisiana Purchase

  6. Missouri Compromise • proposed by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of theproposed state of Missouri. The compromise was agreed to by both the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress and passed as a law in 1820, under the presidency of James Monroe. • The Missouri Compromise was effectively repealed by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, submitted to Congress by Stephen A. Douglas in January 1854.

  7. 36/30

  8. Mexican American War (1846-1848) 1. Who was the President? Polk 2. Why? Manifest Destiny 3. Wilmot Proviso? Slavery prohibited in any territory acquired by the war with Mexico. 4. Result? Mexico had to renounce all claims to Texas and cede provinces of New Mexico and California to the U.S.

  9. Wilmot Proviso - proposed, but rejected, 1846 bill that would have banned slavery in the territory won from Mexico in the Mexican War

  10. California Gold Rush (1848-1850) 1. Effect on population: increased 2. Effect on Native Americans: massacred 3. Effect on balance between free and slave states: California wants to be a free state and cause an unbalance in the Senate; brought the Compromise of 1850.

  11. Compromise of 1850-1. California entered as a free state. 2. The South’s compromise: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act; runaway slaves had to be returned to their owners in the South. 3. Fugitive Slave Law: Free states must return escaped slaves4. Popular Sovereignty: allowed territories to decide by voting

  12. Kansas Nebraska Act • Following the Compromise of 1850, there was a relative peace to the slavery issue. That peace would be destroyed by the passing of the Kansas Nebraska Act in 1854. The Act opened the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory to slavery and future admission of slave states by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through "popular sovereignty" if they would allow slaverywithin each territory. • While Nebraska was so far north and would certainly become a “free” state Kansas was a neighboring territory of Missouri – an existing slave state. This would result in years of turmoil of the territory, who had/would become home to abolitionist, African Americans who were migrating west and Southerners who were protecting their way of life.

  13. Kansas Nebraska Act Results: • Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 in May of 1854 • in the formation of the Republican Party. • “Bleeding Kansas” Kansas was turned into a battleground over slavery. • the emergence of the “border ruffian” • established the precedent for popular sovereignty The Border Ruffians were pro-slavery activists from the slave state of Missouri, who in 1854 to 1860 crossed the state border into Kansas Territory, to force the acceptance of slavery there. The name was applied by Free-State settlers in Kansas and abolitionists throughout the North.

  14. Slavery in the Territories Partner Activity

  15. Abolitionism • 1. What? Antislavery movement to abolish slavery • 2. Why? Believed slavery was a national sin and moral obligation to free all slaves • 3. Result? Issues of strategy and tactics divided abolitionists . **Some were too radical (John Brown).

  16. John Brown was a man of action -- a man who would not be deterred from his mission of abolishing slavery. • 1856 - he led an attack on a settlement along the Pottawatomie River in which five unarmed, proslavery settlers were seized and brutally murdered. Although Brown could have killed as many as nine men in the attack, he settled on five -- the same number of antislavery men who had recently died at the hands of southern settlers. The retaliation, Brown claimed, was to create "a restraining fear" among the aggressive proslavery advocates. • On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men had been killed or captured. • John Brown was captured, tried, and executed; his actions and subsequent death would be a factor that led to Civil War

  17. Source: The Metropolitan Museum http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/11160 Artist:Thomas Hovenden (American (born Ireland), Dunmanway 1840–1895 Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania) Date:1882–84 Medium:Oil on canvas

  18. Source: Kansas State Capital https://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-state-capitol-online-tour-tragic-prelude/16595 Curry, John Steuart. Tragic Prelude painting. 1938-40

  19. Dred Scott and Abolitionism (1857) Why did he sue? For his freedom Supreme Court Decision: He is not a citizen (property) and therefore, could not sue for his freedom. Result? Angered abolitionists; another push towards war

  20. Dred Scott Decision – Social and Political ImpactsPartner Activity

  21. Uncle Tom’s CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe • What was it? Book depicting the life of a slave with a cruel master • How was it used? Anti-slavery propaganda

  22. Underground Railroad • Harriet Tubman (one of many) • Responsible for relocating hundred of slaves prior to the Civil War • If caught the U.R. Conductors faced imprisonment, death, or being sold into slavery themselves.

  23. Two Economic Systems Develop: North: South: 1. Agriculture- Small farms 2. Industry- Communication (Telegraph), Transportation (Railroads), Manufacturing (factories), and banking (finance). 3. Labor- Factory workers (mostly unskilled immigrants) 1. Agriculture- Large plantations (cotton/tobacco); rural 2. Industry- small and fewer factories 3. Labor- Slavery

  24. Development of to Different EconomiesPartner Activity

  25. Election of 1860 What promise did Lincoln run on? No more slave states How did the South react? Seceded (withdrew) from the union What nation was formed? The Confederate States of America

  26. LINCOLN’S INAGUARAL This is the way the North receives it. And This is the way the South receives it. Illustration 1"The President's Inaugural," New York Illustrated News, March 23, 1861, 320. Courtesy, author's collection

  27. Abraham Lincoln Causes a WarPartner Activity

  28. Confederate Secession

  29. Where did the Civil War Start? After Abraham Lincoln took office in March of 1861; he learned that Fort Sumter was running low on food and supplies. He assured the people of South Carolina there would be no weapons only goods and medical/necessary supplies aboard the incoming naval vessels. This was unacceptable and the recently formed Confederacy demanded for the surrender of Fort Sumter and were turned down. To keep Charleston Harbor - South Carolina fired on the fort and the Civil War began. (civil war - a war between people of the same country)

  30. Causes of the Civil War

  31. Anaconda Plan - developed by General Winfield Scott

  32. “Scott’s Great Snake” 1861Source: Library of Congress

  33. Battles to Know Fort Sumter - April 1861 - first shots of the Civil War Bull Run - July 1861 - Southern Victory Shiloh - April 1862 - the beginning of “total war” South loses the Mississippi Valley Antietam - September 1862 - bloodiest single day of the war Vicksburg - May/June 1863 - turning point in the south for the Union Gettysburg - July 1863 - last offensive for the South; major turning point in the war Sherman’s March to the Sea - November 1864 - April 1865 - “total war” on the South Appomattox Courthouse - April 1865 - end of the war - Lee surrenders to Grant

  34. What does this cartoon by Thomas Nast represent? Illustration 2 "Doctor Lincoln's New Elixir of Life," New York Illustrated News, April 12, 1862, 368. Courtesy, New York State Library

  35. Effects of the Civil War Emancipation Proclamation - 9/22/1862 stated that all slaves in states and territories that were still in rebellion would be freed on January 1, 1863. This would not actually happen until the Union military took control of the territory. Gettysburg Address - November 19, 1863 Given at a ceremony dedicating Soldiers' National Cemetery to the soldiers who had lost their lives there. Gettysburg Address

  36. Reconstruction “Rebuilding the Union” - recovering a devastated South and reunifying the country Lincoln’s Plan - wanted to readmit Southern states when 10% of voters pledged allegiance to the Union and recognized the end of slavery; rejected by Congress in favor of Wade Davis Bill Freedman’s Bureau - was est. by Congress on March 1865; to help former slaves adjust to freedom 13th Amendment - prohibiting slavery; passed House in Jan. 1865 ratified by the end of the year Death of a President - Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in April of 1865; VP Johnson takes office

  37. Johnson’s Plan - believed Confederates had to ask for pardons; would eventually issue thousands of pardons - returning their property and authority; did not believe African Americans to be on equal terms with whites; accused of being too sympathetic to the South Black Codes - based on the slaves codes of the past; defined a “freedmen” as a person of color; freedmen could not: 1. vote 2. testify against whites 3. hold office 4. serve in state militia; Prevented social and political equality Radical Republican - a group of Republicans that believed the South should be punished and African Americans should be granted full political and civil equality Civil Rights Act - prohibited discrimination based on race; overturned the Black Codes 14th Amendment - prevented states from denying minorities the rights and privileges of citizens, including a fair trial and equal protection under the law (must be ratified for re-entry into Union)

  38. Impeachment of a President - Johnson found himself at odds with the R.R. ruling Congress; after gaining control they overrule the President and create 5 military districts in the South and est. martial law (Compromise of 1877) Tenure of Office Act: limited Pres. power to dismiss his own cabinet members Why? What happened? Johnson would ignore the ToOA and fire his Sec. of War; Congressional leaders moved to impeach J. Johnson would be impeached but the Senate would fail to remove him from office Who was the next President? Ulysses S. Grant

  39. Reconstruction in the Gov’t - 15th Amendment - prohibited states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the basis of race or previous servitude Carpetbaggers - Northerners who came south; supported Reconstruction; most wanted to exploit a vulnerable South Scalawags - white Southerners who supported Reconstruction Hiram Rhodes Revels - Protestant minister; first African American in Congress; elected Senator from Miss in 1870 Government success during Recon. - public schools; laws banning discrimination; encouragement of RR Failures - corruption, lack of support and longevity

  40. Reconstruction Economics - rebuilding of a devastated Southern economy sharecropping - arrangements made between former slaves and plantation owners; the owners would supply land, tools and housing and in return sharecropper would give a large share of their crop to the landowner tenant farmers - they rented land from a landowner but provided their own provisions and tools debt peonage - a system of involuntary servitude until a debt can be paid “New South” - a new diverse era for farming and manufacturing

  41. The End of Reconstruction -Why did Reconstruction fail to achieve equality? 1. A legacy of racism -White Americans were not ready to recognize African Americans as their equals 2. Economic Dependance - failure to divide up the plantations and give the freedmen their own land meant dependance on former masters 3. Freedmen lacked education and political experience - a lack of education left freedmen vulnerable to the hostility of whites 4. “White terrorism” - the emergence of the KKK and other secret societies terrorized Southern blacks who fought for equality 5. Loss of interest in Reconstruction from the North - without proper support Reconstruction was doomed to fail

  42. Nadir is a low point in American race relations. The system that replaced Recon. in the south would be one of racial segregation and white supremacy What challenges did the African Americans face? Voting - 15th Amendment - Literacy tests, Poll Taxes, “Grandfather Clauses”(exempted poor whites from literacy tests and poll taxes) Segregation and Jim Crow - laws that est. racial segregation in the South; circumvented the 13,14,15th Amend. Ku Klux Klan - a white supremacy group who terrorized “blacks” out of business, voting, and enforced segregation Plessy vs Ferguson - came from an arrest on an LA railroad; upheld racial segregation; found nothing in the LA law that stated some races were inferior to others - separation of the races was not “unreasonable” (established separate but equal)

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