Download
1 / 24
250 likes | 573 Vues
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS. by Cesar Luis dL . Lim, FASHRAE PME , MBA Refrigeration Committee, Chair - ASHRAE Refrigerant Management Program Committee, Member - ASHRAE Academic Member – IIAR Secretary – PSVARE Life Member & Former National Officer – PSME
E N D
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS by Cesar Luis dL. Lim, FASHRAE PME, MBA Refrigeration Committee, Chair - ASHRAE Refrigerant Management Program Committee, Member - ASHRAE Academic Member – IIAR Secretary – PSVARE Life Member & Former National Officer – PSME Lead Consultant – The World Bank “Philippine Chiller Energy Efficiency Project” Consultant – Kilojoule Consultant Int’l. Co.
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS Alternative Refrigerants: Natural Inorganic Refrigerants: • R -717 (Ammonia) • R -718 (Water/Steam) • R -744 (Carbon Dioxide) • R – 723 (60% Ammonia & 40% dimethyl ether) Natural Hydrocarbon Refrigerants: • R – 290 (Propane) • R – 600a (Isobutane) • R – 1270 (Propylene)
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS Natural Cryogenic Refrigerants: • R – 702 (Normal Hydrogen) • R – 702p (Parahydrogen) • R – 704 (Helium) • R – 728 (Nitrogen) • R – 729 (Air) • R – 732 (Oxygen) • R – 740 (Argon)
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS Absorption Solutions: • Ammonia / Water • Water / Lithium Bromide Halocarbon Refrigerants: • R - 123 (Dichlorotrifluoroethane) • R - 134a (Tetrafluoroethane) • R - 245fa (Pentafluoropropane) • R – 404a; R – 407c; R – 410a (Zeotropic Blends) • R – 507a (AzeotropicBlend)
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS New Alternative Halocarbon Refrigerants: • R – 1234yf (HFO – 1234yf), This will replace R – 134a in Mobile Air Conditioning in Europe Starting this year. For the US Market it will start in 2013 ODP – Zero GWP – 4 • R-1234ze (HFO – 1234ze). This will replace R -134a in Air Conditioning Chiller Application and will be use as insulation foam blowing agent. USEPA have approved the use of this starting in 2015 ODP – Zero GWP – 6
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS Growing Pressure on HFCs • EU: F-Gas regulation will be updated by 2011; regulations on stationary applications of HFCs under consideration; • Copenhagen Climate Conference Dec. 2009 • US: American Clean Energy and Security Act (Waxman- Markey); administration supports climate protection legislation; EPA endangerment finding • Japan: METI/NEDO promoting development of low GWP fluids • Australia: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme proposed to start 2011; would apply to all GHGs, including HFCs; • modeled carbon price US$15-30 per ton of CO2
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS High Carbon Cost Burden on HFC-134a : $ 35.75 per Kg (at $25/ton CO2)
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS Summary Points: North American HFC Submission to the Montreal Protocol Key elements of the North American proposal: • Lists 21 HFCs as a new Annex F, including two substances sometimes referred to as HFOs. • Recognizes that there may not be alternatives for all HFC applications and therefore utilizes a gradual phase down mechanism with a plateau, as opposed to a phase out.
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS • Establishes provisions for developed country (non-Article 5) and developing country (Article 5) phase down of production and consumption. - The baseline for Article 5 countries is calculated based on HCFC consumption and production respectively averaged over years 2005- 2008, recognizing there are HFC data limitations in some countries.
ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS • For non-Article 5 countries, the baseline is determined from a combination of HFC plus 85% of HCFC consumption and production respectively averaged over years 2005-2008. • Uses weighting by Global Warming Potential for HCFCs and HFCs as compared to typical Montreal Protocol practice of Ozone Depleting Potential.
