CURRENT ISSUES IN HUMAN/ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS

1. CURRENT ISSUES IN HUMAN/ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS

2. ANIMALS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

3. What is “Research?”

4. Is it this?

5. This?

6. This?

7. This?

8. RESEARCH DEFINED: Any attempt to find an answer to a previously unanswered question.

11. First recorded use of live animals done by ERASISTRATUS in Alexandria, about 2,300 ya.

12. GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research.

13. GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research. > Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.

14. GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research. > Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood. > “Founder” of Experimental Physiology

15. GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research. > Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood. > “Founder” of Experimental Physiology > Dissection of cadavers illegal, used dead apes and pigs.

16. After fall of Rome, dissection discouraged, rarely used until Renaissance. ~ Argued better to deduce how the body works than examine or experiment (mind over body.) ~ Society discouraged discovery and inquiry.

17. SOME RESEARCH BEGAN IN 1500 - 1600’s: Vesalius studied monkeys, pigs, goats Harvey studied circulation of live deer Descartes (17th century) began tradition that animals incapable of feeling pain.

18. MAGENDIE French, Early 1800’s One of first to argue medicine should be derived from an understanding of physiology.

19. Experimentation as method of learning was very controversial: > Treatments at time based on anecdotes. > Treatments often caused tremendous suffering. > Suffering of others considered recreation.

20. Magendie argued must understand how the body works before suggesting treatment.

21. Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body?

22. Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body? > Isolated section of dog’s intestine still attached only by artery & vein.

23. Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body? > Isolated section of dog’s intestine so attached only by artery & vein. > Injected poison into intestine, observed dog reacting to poison.

24. Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body? > Isolated section of dog’s intestine so attached only by artery & vein. > Injected poison into intestine, observed dog reacted to poison. > First to understand that materials are absorbed through blood vessel walls.

25. Public outcry over his cruelty: “. . .experiments without number or mercy, prosecuted with cruelty and indifference.” Sir Charles Bell

26. “Question is not can they reason… but can they suffer?” Bentham 1789

27. Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering ---

28. Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering --- > First child labor laws

29. Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering --- > First child labor laws > First social concern about human suffering of all classes

30. Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering --- > First child labor laws > First social concern about human suffering of all classes > Shift away from suffering as entertainment (bear baiting, public hangings.)

31. Issue of animals in research has always been controversial.

32. Historically, have been 1) Concerns about validity, both from scientists and the public.

33. Historically, have been 1) Concerns about validity, both from scientists and the public. 2) Concerns about welfare, both from scientists and the public.

34. Concern about welfare and importance of using animals in Biomedical Research have increased (compared to the 1950’s through the 1980’s).

35. DEMOGRAPHICS: Millions of animals in captive research in England (Rowan 1984) 5 4 3 2 WWII 1 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980

36. POLIOMYELITIS Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s.

37. POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON ANIMALS > Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s. > 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease.

38. POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON ANIMALS > Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s. > 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease. > Paralyzed and killed thousands, only treatment months in an “iron lung.”

39. > Rhesus monkeys can contract polio. Monkeys readily available in India.

40. > Rhesus monkeys can contract polio. Monkeys readily available in India. > In 1952, 32,000 rhesus imported from India. Tremendous popular support for research.

41. POLIO 1955 “..Safe, effective vaccine..” Jonas Salk

42. In 1955, India banned importation of rhesus. • Thousands died when shipped over. • Reports of tremendous suffering (military • experiments).

43. > Massive protests reversed ban.

44. > Massive protests reversed ban. > 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.

45. > Massive protests reversed ban. > 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus. > India banned again in 1978, based on reports of numerous violations.

46. > Massive protests reversed ban. > 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus. > India banned again in 1978, based on reports of numerous violations. > Public extremely supportive in late 40’s, 50’s and early 60’s.

47. > State laws passed that forced shelters to send unclaimed animals to laboratories.

48. > State laws passed that forced shelters to send unclaimed animals to laboratories. > In 1965-66, public outcry began. Christine Stevens founded Animal Welfare Institute

49. Life Magazine Article “Pepper” seen in photo of dogs being unloaded from truck for use in lab. Public outcry laws reversed in many states (including WI) that sent dogs to labs from shelters.

50. PURPOSE BRED vs. RANDOM SOURCE?