Energy Management Opportunities in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

1. Energy Management Opportunitiesin Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

2. Your panelists • Benefits, Technologies & Services:Mike Carter and Mark Farrell, Energy Engineers

3. Why is HVAC important? • Productivity • Comfort • Expense Source: www.doe.gov Source: www.bcs.org

4. Contents • Basics • Cooling • Chillers • Packaged Rooftops • Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners (PTACs) • Geothermal Heat Pumps • Heating • Electric/Electrode Boilers • Space Heaters • Accessories • Energy-Savings Tips • Business Solutions Toolkit • Rebates/Incentives Source: NREL

5. HVAC basics • Power versus Energy • Kilowatt (kW), or demand, is a measure of power, similar to the speedometer of your car that records the rate at which miles are traveled. • A bigger engine is required to travel at a faster rate. • Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energyconsumption, similar to the odometer on your car which measures the miles traveled. • Energy cost = energy consumption x unit cost = kWh x $/kWh = kW x hrs x $/kWh • A 50-ton chiller with a 0.8 kW/ton efficiency costs about $11,200 annually when operating 2,800 load hours (40 kW x 2,800 hr x $0.10/kWh national average) Source: stock.xchng Source: Commonwealth of Kentucky

6. HVAC basics • Temperature • Dry bulb • Normal thermometer • Wet bulb • Bulb wrapped in cloth—called a sock—that is kept wet with water via wicking. • Dew point • Temperature to which air must be cooled for the water vapor component to reach saturation and condense into water. Source: Microsoft Encarta

7. HVAC basics • Relative Humidity • Relative humidity compares water vapor in the air with the concentration of water vapor that the atmosphere could hold (if the atmosphere were at saturation). • Usually expressed as a percentage. • When the actual concentration of water vapor in air is equal to the water vapor concentration at saturation, the relative humidity is 100%. • There is one gallon of water in a 20' x 50' x 8' room at 68ºF and 100% RH • There is only 0.1 teaspoon of water per cubic foot of air at 68ºF and 100% RH • Operation at 78°F / 40% RH provides the same level of occupant comfort as 74°F / 50% RH does due to evaporative cooling. In this example, specific (absolute) humidity does not change until the dew point is reached. 4C40F H2O 100%Relative Humidity

8. HVAC basics • Degree Days • Degree day calculations provide a rough estimate of the heating and cooling load for a particular location. • Degree days are based on the difference between a day's average daily temperature and the "balance point" temperature of 65°F (or 18°C). • Cooling Degree Day (CDD) = (Average Temperature – 65°F) x days/month • Heating Degree Days (HDD) = (65°F – Average Temperature) x days/month • Location dependent and data available from National Climate Data Center (NCDC),WeatherUnderground, and other sources. Source: Utility Allowance

9. HVAC basics • Load Hours • HVAC load hours may be calculated from degree days using a formula which incorporates Outside Design Temperatures. • Cooling Load Hours (CLH) = CDD x 24 / (Cooling Outside Design Temperature – 65°F) • Cooling Outside Design Temperature (ODT) is in the range of 70°F to 105°F • Heating Load Hours (HLH) = HDD x 24 / (65°F – Heating Outside Design Temperature) • Heating Outside Design Temperature (ODT) is typically between -12°F and 40°F. • It is necessary to reduce the heating load hours by about 40% to match actual energy consumption.

10. HVAC basics • HVAC Load Hours Source: Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Technology Assessment Division

11. HVAC basics • Efficiency Ratings • One ton (12,000 Btu/hr) equals 3.516 kW at 100% efficiency • Coefficient of Performance (COP) • COP = Rated Cooling Output, kBtuh / Rated electrical input, kBtuh • Full Load Value (FLV) • FLV = kW/ton • COP = 3.516 (kW/ton) / FLV efficiency rating (kW/ton) • Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) • EER = Cooling output (Btu) / Electricity consumed (watt) • EER = 12,000 Btu per ton / FLV (watt per ton) • EER = COP x 3.413 • Application Part Load Value (APLV) • Other than full load • Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) • Weighted average of full load and part load

12. HVAC basics • Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) • Test conditions for determining SEER values are defined by ANSI/ARI standard 210-240-2008. • Indoor air across the evaporator at 80ºF with 50% RH (wet) and <20% RH (dry) • Outdoor air across condenser at 82ºF with 40% RH (wet) • Outdoor air at 95ºF and 40% RH (Test A) is used to establish capacity and EER • Four categories of air-conditioning systems are tested. • ARI does not require manufacturers to report the results of dehumidification performance. SEER = (1 - (0.5 x [1 - (EERC/EERD))/(1 - CLF)]) x EERB EERB = Energy Efficiency Ratio determined from Test B (steady, wet) EERC = Energy Efficiency Ratio determined from Test C (steady, dry) EERD = Energy Efficiency Ratio determined from Test D (cyclic, dry) CLF = Cooling Load Factor

13. HVAC basics • Estimation of annual operating cost • 300 ton chiller; FLV = 0.75 kW/ton (EER=16, COP=4.7); $0.10/kWh; national average • Energy cost = Size (ton) x FLV (kW/ton) x CLH (hrs) x Electric rate ($/kWh) • Energy cost = 300 ton x 0.75 kW/ton x 600 hrs x $0.10/kWh = $13,500 • 5 ton heat pump; 13 SEER • Energy cost = [Size (MBtuh) x CLH (hrs)]/ SEER (Btu/watt) x Electric rate ($/kWh) • Energy cost = [5 ton x 12 Mbtuh/ton x 600 hrs]/ 13 Btu/w x $0.10/kWh = $275

14. HVAC basics • Vapor Compression/Expansion Cycle Source: www.makinemekanik.com

15. HVAC basics • Refrigerants • Issues are depletion of the ozone layer and contribution to global warming • Manufacturers still are allowed to produce R-22 to service existing equipment • After 2020, cannot produce R-22, but can service existing systems 1Ozone Depletion Potential2Global Warming Potential

16. HVAC basics • Delivery • Water is much denser and stores much more heat [cooling]. • A 1" (25 mm) diameter pipe containing hot/cold water can deliver more energy than a 18" x 12" (0.45 m x 0.3 m) duct, even though the air is moving much faster in the duct than the water in the pipe.

17. HVAC basics • Indoor Air Quality • ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality • “Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.” • Ventilation Rate Procedure • People Outdoor Air Rate (Rp) • Area Outdoor Air Rate (Ra) • For instance, office areas—5 cfm/person and 0.06 cfm/ft² • Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure • Based on an analysis of contaminant sources, contaminant concentration targets, and perceived acceptability targets. • CO2 sensors are one method • Credit is given for controls that remove contaminants, such as filters and UV light, that can achieve concentrations equal to or lower than those achieved by the Ventilation Rate Procedure.

18. Cooling Source: EERE • Chillers Source: ORNL Centrifugal Chiller • Best available Full-Load FLV is 0.47-0.58 kW/ton for large (>150 ton) water-cooled chillers

19. Cooling Source: Total Cost of Ownership For Air-Cooled and Water-Cooled Chiller Systems, Ramez Naguib • Water-cooled centrifugal chiller versus air-cooled screw chiller (20-year life) in office building • Energy simulation using DOE-2.2 Calculation Core Engine • Net Present Value (NPV) of total costs of ownership

20. Cooling • Chiller Maintenance Tips • Visual check of compressor oil (darker is worse). • Change oil on large systems once a year and clean particles from case. • Take superheat and subcooling temperature readings to obtain chiller's maximum efficiency. • Install water gauges so you can see pressure drops, particularly through the evaporator. • If tubes need cleaning and the interiors of the tubes are smooth bore, technicians can remove the sludge with bristle brushes attached to long metal rods. • Put a bypass valve on the end of the pipe run going to the chillers to get the proper water flow (overflow can cause vibration, damaging the copper tubes). • Clean water tower condensers and unclog spray nozzles, especially in the spring. • Check for high vibration on a capillary line (causes leaks) and secure all vibrating lines. Source: John C. Schaub Inc., Mt. Laurel, NJ

21. Cooling / heating • Packaged Rooftop Image courtesy of McQuay International *Phase-out date for R-22 refrigerant

22. Cooling / heating • Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners (PTACs) • EER of 10 to 12 available today • Suppliers include Amana, Bard, Carrier, ClimateMaster, Friedrich, GE, and Skymark Source: www.amana-ptac.com/

23. Image courtesy of ECS Geothermal Cooling / heating • Geothermal or Water-Source Heat Pump • Takes advantage of underground temperatures that range from 45°F (7°C) to 75°F (21°C). • Roughly 30% savings compared to AC/Boiler or AC/Furnace combination • Geothermal requires higher capital investment and requires a significant amount of space • Hybrid geothermal saves on first cost but operating costs are higher

24. Image courtesy of Coil-Tech Cooling / heating • Coil Cleaning • Most commercial HVAC units have multiple coilsstacked or sandwiched together. • Outdoor condenser coils lose less performance with blockage than indoor evaporator coils. • If the evaporator airflow of a 3-ton rooftop unit is restricted by 36%, the capacity drop is 19.4%. • This changes the 3-ton unit to a 2.5-ton unit. • On the other hand, when the condenser coils are 56% restricted, the capacity drops only 10.9%. • Blocked condenser coils can increase condensing temperature by 8°F to 10°F resulting in a 6% to 8% increase in power consumption. • You can check coil performance by measuring the air temperature drop across the coils. • Larger temperature drops of 30ºF or higher indicate that a coil cleaning is in order. • You can also measure supply-fan amperage or filter/coil pressure drop (with fresh filters) and compare this data against last year's readings.

25. Heating • Electric Boilers • Available from 10 kW for the smaller units up to over 3,000 kW • Often used in tandem with a gas-fired boiler in a fuel-switching strategy • Replacement of an electric element bundle (13-18 year life) can range in price from $2,000 to $2,500 for a 75 kW to 100 kW electric boiler • Electrode Steam Boilers • Operate at high voltages (12 kV or 24 kV) • Submersible electrode boilers • Rely on immersed electrodes to conduct electricity through the boiler water • High-velocity jet electrode boilers • In this design, the water jet (striking an electrode plate) is the resistance element • Pros include lower installed capital cost, higher reliability, higher efficiency (99.5% at 100% output)and rapid response Source: Precision Boilers

26. Heating • Space Heaters • All portable electric heaters using a heating element are equally efficient in that they essentially convert all the electricity they use into heat • Only more cost-effective than whole-housefurnaces if temperature is reduced in other rooms • Quartz "Infrared" space heaters such as SunHeat and EdenPure • Infrared radiation does not warm you directly • Traditional infrared (picture) has the coils and lamps exposed for direct line of site radiation • Ceramic and oil-filled heaters arguably provide greater heating comfort because they retain some heat after the current is off Source: Fostoria Industries

27. Accessories • Economizers bring in cool outside air • Typical 2 to 5 year payback for economizers • Required by ASHRAE 90 for >5 tons in cool/dry climates (West) and >11 tons in cool/moist climates (Midwest), but not in warm/moist climates (Southeast)

28. Accessories • Heat Recovery Ventilators • Can recover about 60% to 70% of heat in exiting air • Low grade heat for space heating and equipment expense results in long paybacks • A solution to ASHRAE 62 IAQ requirements Source: George Retseck Illustrations

29. Accessories • Energy/Enthalpy/Desiccant Wheels • Can recover about 70% to 80% of the energy in the exiting air and deliver that energy to the incoming air. • Desiccant wheels are most cost effective in climates with extreme winters or summers, and where fuel costs are high. • In mild climates, the cost of the additional electricity consumed by the system fans and drum motor may exceed the energy savings from not having to condition the supply air. Source: Fläkt Woods Source: EERE

30. Accessories • Thermal Energy Storage (TES) • Thermal energy storage makes ice or chilled water during the night—shifts peak. • Full Storage system shifts the entire load to off-peak hours and is driven by electric rates and rebates. • In a Partial Storage system, a much smaller chiller runs during both peak and off-peak hours with help from stored cooling during peak hours. • Attractive when more cooling capacity is needed or when a chiller needs to be replaced. • Ice Energy (Windsor, CO) offers factory assembled modular ice making systems (Ice Bear) for small to medium-sized commercial applications. Image courtesy of CALMAC Manufacturing Corporation

31. Accessories • Thermal Energy Storage (TES) • Ice can absorb eight times the thermal energy of chilled water. • Three up-front decisions during system design: • How the ice is made and stored (ice on coil—internal melt, ice on coil—external melt, or encapsulated ice). • How the ice bank is discharged. • How cold is transported to the load (slurry systems versus brine or glycol transfer). Image courtesy of FAFCO, Incorporated

32. Accessories • Thermal Energy Storage (TES) • Example: Shifting from peak to non-peak times with a resultant 600 kW drop in peak demand (1,500 kW to 900 kW) • For example-- at a demand charge of $8.00/kW, that saves $4,800 per month. • Additional savings are possible if time-of-use rates result in a lower $/kWh energy charge during off-peak hours. • Example: A normally 400-ton chiller outputting 3,000 ton-hours per day might be replaced by a 160-ton chiller. • Produces 1,600 ton-hours during a 10-hour peak time period. • Produces 1,400 ton-hours during a 14-hour off-peak period.

33. Energy-savings tips • Temperature Setback/Setforward • Save 3% per °F per 24 hr • 72°F  68°F ( 4°F) for 12 hr saves 6% • Obtain Proper Humidity Control • In the summer, decrease relative humidity (RH) to feel cool. • Operation at 78°F / 40% RH provides the same level of occupant comfort as 74°F / 50% RH does. • 74°F  78°F setforward for 24 hr saves 10% to 12% • Remove moisture with desiccant or enthalpy/heat wheel • Relative humidity >70% with temperature > 70°F can encourage mold growth! • In the winter, opposite applies—raise RH to feel warm. • Add moisture with evaporative humidifier • Ultrasonic humidifiers require filtered water

34. Energy-savings tips • Narrow your chiller water temperature set points • Typical conditions are chilled water temperature of 42°F and condensing water temperature of 80°F to 85°F. • 2% savings per °F that chilled water temperature is raised • 5°F to 10°F increase is possible; more may cause damage and reduce cooling capacity (ton rating) • Efficiency benefits from lowering condensing water temperature are offset by increased fan and pump operation, along with reduced cooling capacity. • Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and oversizing the cooling tower can help • The larger the system, the greater the net energy savings

35. The Business Solutions Toolkit • Reduce energy expenditures with free, online tools • Energy benchmark data by business segment • Efficiency recommendations by business segment • Lighting, motor and other energy calculators • Facility energy assessment… plus more • Get energy answers with live Web resources • “Ask an Expert” service supplies direct answers to energy questions • Searchable Energy Library and News resources • Monthly electronic newsletter delivered to your e-mailbox

36. How to access the Toolkit • Links found on the Pacific Power website • Can access direct at pacificpower.net/toolkit • Toolkit resources also are delivered to you as part of our monthly electronic newsletters

37. What is in the Toolkit

38. Online business tools pacificpower.net/toolkit

39. Pacific Power FinAnswer Express • FinAnswer Express is for commercial and industrial customers– either retrofit or new construction • Pre-calculated incentives for HVAC equipment and high-efficiency lighting • Custom incentives may be available for other types of equipment • Incentive process (pre-purchase agreement or post purchase application) varies by technology and project type • Please understand the process before you purchase! • Check our website for on-line forms plus trade allies available to help • Also check for state and federal tax incentives at dsire.org

40. Pacific Power Energy FinAnswer • Applies to comprehensive commercial or industrial projects– either new construction or commercial retrofit* • Lighting and non-lighting projects can be packaged • Starts with an energy analysis to identify options and highest priority measures • Commissioning is required for most measures • Incentives are project-based • Payable by one-time lump sum check, per project • Incentive agreement must be signed before equipment is purchased • Check our website for participation steps and online forms *Commercial retrofit projects must be at least 20,000 sq. ft. to be eligible

41. Contacts • For more information please phone us: • Call yourBusiness Solutions Team for answers to service and account questions at 1-866-870-3419 • Visit our website at: • Business program Web page – pacificpower.net/business • Business Solutions Toolkit – pacificpower.net/toolkit • Or contact us directly: • E-mail us at energy.expert@pacificorp.com • Use our online inquiry form – pacificpower.net/inquiry • Call our business Energy Services Hotline at 1-800-222-4335 • Also visit the Energy Trust of Oregon website at energytrust.org © 2010 Tech Resources Inc.