1 / 49

Welcome to CMPE003 Personal Computers: Hardware and Software

This document outlines key assignments and midterm information for CMPE 003: Personal Computers at UC Santa Cruz, Fall 2002. It highlights the importance of homework submissions, warns against sharing sensitive information online, and prepares students for Midterm #1 covering Chapters 1–5. The course content includes an exploration of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), its components, and their functions, data representation in computers, and an introduction to binary and hexadecimal number systems.

kyrie
Télécharger la présentation

Welcome to CMPE003 Personal Computers: Hardware and Software

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Welcome toCMPE003Personal Computers: Hardware and Software Dr. Chane Fullmer Fall 2002 UC Santa Cruz

  2. Assignments No late assignments will be accepted 2nd HomeworkDue Now!!

  3. Assignments • Homework #3 – Due October 18 • Design your own Webpage  • Keep in mind --- • The world at large will see your page • Don’t put private or sensitive information on your Webpage. • Details and sample – see class page – http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe003/Fall02/

  4. Midterm #1 • Friday – October 11 • Chapters 1 – 5 • ~50 questions • Multiple choice • Bring Scantron form • #F-1712-ERI-L (big & pink) • Bring your student ID • Required to take exam

  5. The Central Processing Unit:What Goes on Inside the Computer Chapter 4 Part b

  6. Objectives • Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory • Describe how program instructions are executed by the computer • Explain how data is represented in the computer • Describe how the computer finds instructions and data • Describe the components of a microcomputer system unit’s motherboard • List the measures of computer processing speed and explain the approaches that increase speed

  7. Number systems Binary Number: base 2 • on and off • 0,1 • ones=20, twos=21, fours=22, etc • 0000 0000 = 0 base 10 • 0000 0001 = 1 base 10 • 0000 0010 = 2 base 10 • 0000 0011 = 3 base 10 • 0000 1010 = 10 base 10

  8. Binary Number System • We have 10 fingers • Computers have devices with 2 states ... 1000 100 10 1 ... 10^310^210^110^0 10011 the binary number 2^42^32^22^12^0 place values (1 * 2^4) + (0 * 2^3) + (0 * 2^2) + (1 * 2^1) + (1 * 2^0) = 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 19

  9. Hexadecimal Numbers Hexadecimal Number: base 16 • alternative representation to binary • 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F • ones=160, sixteens=161, 256's=162, etc • translation of hex into binary • 0000 0000 = 0 base 16 = 0 base 10 • 0000 0001 = 1 base 16 = 1 base 10 • 0000 1010 = A base 16 = 10 base 10 • 0001 0000 = 10 base 16 = 16 base 10

  10. Hexadecimal Table

  11. Hexadecimal Example #1 • Hexadecimal (called ‘hex’) is often written with a prefix of ‘0x’ • 0xFF or 0xff • 0xFF = 1111 1111 • = (0xF * 16^1) + (0xF * 16^0) • = (15 * 16) + (15 * 1) • = 240 + 15 • = 255

  12. Hexadecimal Example #2 • 0x10 = 0001 0000 • = (0x1 * 16^1) + (0x0 * 16^0) • = (1 * 16) + (0 * 1) • = 16 + 0 • = 16 • 0xA5 = 1010 0101 • = (0xA * 16^1) + (0x5 * 16^0) • = (10 * 16) + (5 * 1) • = 160 + 5 • = 165

  13. The System UnitThe Black Box • Houses electronic components • Motherboard • Storage devices • Connections • Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit inside monitor

  14. Motherboard Microprocessor chip Memory chips Connections to other parts of the hardware Additional chips may be added – math coprocessor The System UnitThe Black Box

  15. Storage Devices Hard drive Floppy drive CD-ROM drive DVD-ROM drive The System UnitThe Black Box

  16. What is in our computer?

  17. Table Camera view of Motherboard

  18. Microprocessor • CPU etched on a chip • Chip size is ¼ x ¼ inch • Composed of silicon • Contains millions of transistors • Electronic switches that can allow current to pass through

  19. Microprocessor Components • Control Unit – CU • Arithmetic / Logic Unit – ALU • Registers • System clock

  20. Building a Better Microprocessor • Computers imprint circuitry onto microchips • Cheaper • Faster • Perform functions of other hardware • Math coprocessor is now part of microprocessor • Multimedia instructions are now part of microprocessor

  21. Building a Better Microprocessor • The faster the computer runs • The cheaper it is to make • The more reliable it is The more functions that are combined on a microprocessor:

  22. Intel Pentium Celeron Xeon Itanium Intel-compatible Cyrix AMD Types of Microprocessors

  23. Types of Microprocessors • PowerPC • Cooperative efforts of Apple, IBM, and Motorola • Used in Apple Macintosh family of PCs • Found in servers and embedded systems • Alpha • Manufactured by Compaq (formerly DEC) • High-end servers and workstations

  24. Semiconductor Memory • Reliable • Compact • Low cost • Low power usage • Mass-produced economically • Volatile • Made up of tiny circuits, each able to represent ‘0’ or ‘1’ (bits)

  25. Semiconductor MemoryCMOS • Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) • Uses little electricity • Used in PC to store hardware settings that are needed to boot the computer • Retains information with current from battery

  26. RAM • Keeps the instructions and data for current program • Data in memory can be accessed randomly • Easy and speedy access • Volatile • Can be Erased • Written over

  27. Types of RAM SRAM (Static RAM) • Retains contents as long as power is maintained • Faster than DRAM

  28. Types of RAM DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • Must be constantly refreshed • Used for most PC memory because of size and cost • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) • faster type of DRAM • RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) • Faster than SDRAM • Expensive

  29. Adding RAM • Purchase memory modules that are packaged on circuit boards • SIMMS – Chips on one side • DIMMS – Chips on both sides • Maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is based upon the motherboard design

  30. Table Camera view of Memory Modules

  31. ROM • Programs and data that are permanently recorded at the factory • Read-only • Cannot be changed by the user • Stores boot routine that is activated when computer is turned on • Non-volatile

  32. PROM • Programmable ROM • ROM burner can change instructions on some type of ROM chips

  33. Bus Line • Paths that transport electrical signals • System bus • Transports data between the CPU and memory • Bus width • Number of bits of data that can be carried at a time • Normally the same as the CPUs word size • Speed measured in MHz

  34. CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions Bus Line

  35. Expansion Buses • Connect the motherboard to expansion slots • Plug expansion boards into slots • interface cards • adapter cards • Provides for external connectors / ports • Serial • Parallel

  36. Expansion Buses

  37. PC Buses and Ports

  38. What is in our computer?

  39. Speed and Power What makes a computer fast? • Microprocessor speed • Bus line size • Availability of cache • L1 & L2 • Flash memory • RISC computers • Parallel processing

  40. Computer Processing Speed Time to execute an instruction • Millisecond • Microsecond • Nanosecond • Modern computers • Picosecond • In the future

  41. Microprocessor Speed • Clock speed • Megahertz (MHz) • Gigahertz (GHz) • Number of instructions per second • Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) • Performance of complex mathematical operations • One million floating-point operations per second (Megaflops – MFLOPS)

  42. Cache • Small block of very fast temporary memory • Speed up data transfer • Instructions and data used most frequently or most recently

  43. Cache Step 3 Transfer to main CPU and cache P R O C E S S O R R A M Cache • Step 2 • Go to address in main memory and read Step 1 Processor requests data or instructions • Next processor request • Look first at cache • Go to memory

  44. Types of Cache • Internal cache • Level 1 (L1) • Built into microprocessor • Up to 128KB • External cache • Level 2 (L2) • Separate chips • 256KB or 512 KB • SRAM technology • Cheaper and slower than L1 • Faster and more expensive than memory

  45. Flash Memory • Nonvolatile RAM • Used in • Cellular phones • Digital cameras • Digital music recorders • PDAs

  46. Instruction Sets • CISC Technology Complex Instruction Set Computing • Conventional computers • Many of the instructions are not used • RISC Technology Reduced Instruction Set Computing • Small subset of instructions • Increases speed • Programs with few complex instructions • Graphics • Engineering

  47. Types of Processing • Serial processing • Execute one instruction at a time • Fetch, decode, execute, store • Parallel Processing • Multiple processors used at the same time • Can perform trillions of floating-point instructions per second (teraflops) • Ex: network servers, supercomputers

  48. Types of Processing • Pipelining • Instruction’s action need not be complete before the next begins • Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch instruction 2 • Super Scalar • Executes multiple instructions per cycle

  49. Have A Great Weekend!!!!

More Related