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Agile Method for Software Development

Agile Method for Software Development. Key points. Objectives for the method Method description Lessons learnt Empirical results. Project Objectives. To define a light approach for e-business and e-commerce software development To try it out to 7 pilot projects

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Agile Method for Software Development

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  1. Agile Method for Software Development

  2. Key points Objectives for the method Method description Lessons learnt Empirical results eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  3. Project Objectives • To define a light approach for e-business and e-commerce software development • To try it out to 7 pilot projects • To collect and disseminate lessons learnt • To develop and disseminate a Best Practice Toolkit = {eXPERT method, Case studies, Experiments analysis} eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  4. Business Objectives • To increase the productivity of small teams by 20% • To reduce defect rates by 30% • To decrease project costs by 15% • To eliminate schedule delays and over costs eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  5. Target Projects: e-Projects • Must be delivered rapidly have critical time constraints • Requirements evolve constantly due to e.g. turbulence in the market, changing technologies, etc. • Mission critical if unsuccessful, the business loses new opportunities • Have to be managed flexibly and in a result-oriented manner Example: e-commerce and e-business projects eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  6. e-Project Success Factors • Easy and quick integration of people in a team • Abilities to quickly respond to required changes • Facilities to maintain good software quality • Practices easy to adopt and execute eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  7. eXPERT Development Approach • Reports from the field • productivity and software quality increase by applying XP principles • even projects that have adopted several or all XP practices meet project management problems, related to estimating and planning => focus on XP and PSP practices eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  8. eXPERT Development Approach • Develop “Faster-Better-Cheaper “ eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  9. eXPERT Development Approach • Based on processes for easier compatibility with other models like CMM(I) and ISO • Maintain the method • comprehensible, • motivating and • easy to apply, but provide means for • good estimations, • project planning and • management activities. eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  10. Key points Objectives for the method  • Objectives: productivity, defects, schedule, costs • Target projects: e-projects • XP+PSP lightweight and manageable Method description Lessons learnt Empirical results eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  11. XP Practices Planning game:quickly determine the scope of the next release, combining business priorities and technical estimates Small releases:put a simple system into production quickly, release new versions on a very short cycle Metaphor:guide all development with a simple, shared story of how the whole system works Simple design:design as simply as possible at any given moment eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  12. XP Practices Coding standards: rules emphasizing communication throughout the code Testing: continually write unit tests which must run flawlessly; customers write tests to demonstrate functions are finished Pair programming: all production code written by two programmers at one computer Refactoring: restructure the system without changing behaviour to remove duplication, improve communication, simplify, or add flexibility eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  13. XP Practices Collective ownership: anyone can change any code anywhere in the system at any time Continuous integration: integrate and build the system many times a day, every time a task is finished 40-hour week: work no more than 40 hours per week as a rule; never work overtime two weeks in a row On-site customer: real, live user on the team full-time to answer questions eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  14. Personal Software Process • The PSP is a technique that engineers can apply to most structured personal tasks to improve their • Predictability • Quality • Productivity • It is designed for individuals and can be extended to team development of large-scale software systems. eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  15. PSP Evolution PSP3 Cyclic development Team Software Process PSP2 Code reviews Design reviews defect management PSP1 Size estimating Test report size, resource, and schedule plans PSP0 Time recording Defect recording Defect type standard establishing a measured performance baseline eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  16. PSP Practices in eXPERT • PSP0: The baseline process – The process currently used to write software, but enhanced to provide measurements • PSP0.1: Enhances PSP0 by adding coding standard, size measurement and process improvement proposal • PSP1: The personal planning process – The initial increment adds test report and size and resource estimation eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  17. PSP Practices in eXPERT • PSP0: The baseline process • Time recording • Defect recording • PSP0.1 • Coding standard • Software size measurement • Process improvement proposal • PSP1: The personal planning process • Size estimating with PROBE eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  18. PROBE method used in eXPERT Objective: estimate the time necessary to implement each Customer Requirement(CR) Steps: • Gather historical data (CR type, complexity, implementation time) • For CR type calculate Average implementation time and Standard deviation • Calculate Range for implementing CR of particular type and complexity • Estimate new CR – exp(Range) for the respective type and complexity eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  19. Gather historical data Average = Xavg = (1/n)  Xi Stand. Deviation = [ (1/n)  (Xi - Xavg)2 ] 1/2 Calculate Range VS= Average – 2*St. Dev S = Average - St. Dev M = Average D = Average + St. Dev VD = Average + 2*St. Dev ) Take antilog Estimation with PROBE: example eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  20. B A D Procedures and methods defining the relationship of tasks C PROCESS People with skills, training, and motivation Tools and equipment Software Process Source: CMM eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  21. Iteration plan Customer requirements Project Management Estimated CR Project planning Testing scenarios EstimationsCommunication Design Code Test-before-codeCoding standard Test software product eXPERT Architecture Customer Requirements Management eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  22. Tasks Activities Tasks eXPERT Process Components • Overview (objectives) • Inputs • Activities • Process outputs • Completion criteria • Measurements Process eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  23. Examples Format Example eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  24. Roles • Customer – chooses what will deliver business values, prioritises requirements and defines the acceptance tests. • Project manager – leads everyday work, resolves schedule conflicts, communicates with stakeholders, collects data related to the project performance and analyses them • Developer – estimates requirements complexity and effort to implement them, builds the system, and keeps it integrated eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  25. Customer Requirements Management (CRM) Overview:This process includes all activities related to eliciting, analysing and controlling the customer requirements for a software product. It builds on the XP practices related to handling user stories. Input:Customer needs and expectation Output:Prioritised CR with complexity and time estimations eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  26. CRM Completion criteria: • Customer requirements are granulated to such an extent that each of them is estimated to be developed in less than 2 weeks • The whole team understands well the customer requirements • The CR described on the CRC cards are testable Measures:Effort spent on CRM eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  27. CRM Activities A1. Elicit CR (schedule, document, explain to the team) A2. Analyse CR (categorise, investigate implementation constraints, assess risks, estimate complexity) A3. Estimate CR (estimate time with PROBE, prioritise) A4. Measure the process eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  28. Hints for CRM • Document only needed information. • Use tools facilitating CRM (CRC cards could be lost) • Use tools facilitating process measurement • Good communication with the customer is key for the success eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  29. Tools supporting CRM • XPlanner: www.xplanner.sourceforge.net • Spreadsheet: facilitates PROBE calculations • Project management tool eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  30. Project Management Overview:The project management process encompasses activities related to planning, tracking and controlling the software development. Project management includes activities that ensure the delivery of a high-quality system on time and within budget. Input:DocumentedCustomer requirements Output:Iteration (and release) plans eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  31. Project Management Completion criteria: • Project maintained on track, i.e. iterations executed as planned Measures: • Effort spent on PM • Project costs • Project velocity • Resource usage eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  32. Project Management Activities A1. Define the Project (people and environment) A2. Create Iteration and Release plans A3. Monitor and control the project (daily meeting, track progress and costs, update plan, report to management) A4. Conclude project A5. Measure the process (resources, effort, scope, velocity) eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  33. Hints for PM • Focus on the requirements for the current iteration • Use tools facilitating planning & tracking activities and process measurement • Good communication with the customer is key for the success • Avoid multi-tasking • Avoid handsoff eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  34. Tools supporting PM • XPlanner: www.xplanner.sourceforge.net • Project management tool • Spreadsheet: facilitates resource planning and tracking eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  35. Design Overview:During the design process the customer requirements are decomposed into product components. The design process is highly interrelated with the Code and Test processes. Input:Documented CR Output:Coding standard CR with design elements Design document eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  36. Design Completion criteria: • simple design well understood by the whole team Measures: • Effort spent on overall design eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  37. Design Activities A1. Prepare for design (coding standard, etc.) A2. Design A3. Document design A4. Measure the process eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  38. Hints for Design • Do simple design • Focus on the requirements for the current iteration (avoid extra features) • Consider refactoring in the beginning of a next iteration. • Create useful documents and do not spend time on making them look more beautiful eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  39. Code Overview:The objective of the Code process is to produce the code of the software product that satisfies the customer requirements. The code is permanently maintained in good condition, i.e. in reusable, testable and working state. The coding process is highly interrelated with the Design and Test processes. Input:DocumentedCR with design elements Coding standard Output:Software product eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  40. Code Completion criteria: • Customer requirements and acceptance tests satisfied Measures: • Implementation effort • Developer’s productivity • Pair’s productivity eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  41. Code Activities A1. Implement product in a test-driven manner. A2. Refactor code. A3. Integrate often. A4. Measure the process (implementation effort) eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  42. Test Driven Development • Brainstorm possible test cases • Implement the test cases using an incremental and iterative approach (1 at a time and implement it immediately) • Implement code. Do not write more code than the test requires (additions would be unspecified and not test-safe) • Run test cases and improve the code until all test cases pass The cycle finishes when everything that could possibly break is tested. eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  43. Test Driven Development Problems • Current test fails although it should pass • the code just written doesn’t satisfy the functional requirements • Old tests start to fail again • the code just written violates parts of the existing functional specification, thus introducing unwanted side effects eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  44. Test Driven Development Problems • The test passes although it should fail • the functionality has been realized without a test • the functionality is already tested by another unit test • the test itself is wrong • the test is in an already tested equivalence class eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  45. Test Driven Development Problems • Implementing a test requires new tests • the chosen increment is too big • the step takes too long • an intuitive implementation requires new methods and maybe even new objects • try to prevent a bottom-up implementation, since you would be running without feedback for a long time eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  46. Test Overview:The purpose of the Test process is to validate that software product produced meets the requirements and satisfy the acceptance criteria defined by the customer. The Testing process is highly interrelated with the Code and Design processes. Input:DocumentedCR with design elements Coding standard Output:Code without defects eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  47. Test Completion criteria: • The test cases defined cover all typical, boundary, and specific cases described by the customer requirements Measures: • Defects rate • Effort spent on acceptance testing • Defect removal efficiency eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  48. Test Activities A1. Prepare for testing. A2. Describe and implement acceptance testing. A3. Perform unit testing in parallel with coding. A4. Perform regression testing when integrating. A5. Perform acceptance testing after integration, especially before delivery. A6. Measure the process (effort, defects) eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  49. Hints for Code&Test • Focus on the requirements for the current iteration • Use tools facilitating refactoring and testing • Integrate often • Refactor always when necessary, do not postpone it. • Good communication with the customer is key for the success eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

  50. Tools supporting Code&Test • Test case environment: • JUnit/ hhtpUnit/ JWebUnit/ Cactus: www.junit.org • Nunit: www.nunit.org • Test generator: JUnitDoclet www.junitdoclet.org • Refactoring: • C#Refactory/ jRefactory- Pretty Printer • Eclipse: www.eclipse.org • Bug tracking: • Mantis: mantisbt.sourceforge.net • Bugzila:www.bugzilla.org eXPERT –Agile Method for Software Development

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