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IAT 355

IAT 355. Lecture 4 Computer Graphics: Rocket. Outline. Programming concepts Programming Computer Graphics Transformations Methods Classes. Drawing a rocket. background(0); fill(255); triangle(10, 0, 0, 20, 20, 20); rectMode (CORNERS); rect (5, 20, 8, 23); rect (12, 20, 15, 23);.

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IAT 355

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  1. IAT 355 Lecture 4 Computer Graphics: Rocket

  2. Outline • Programming concepts • Programming Computer Graphics • Transformations • Methods • Classes IAT 355

  3. Drawing a rocket background(0); fill(255); triangle(10, 0, 0, 20, 20, 20); rectMode(CORNERS); rect(5, 20, 8, 23); rect(12, 20, 15, 23); IAT 355

  4. Now I want to draw several rockets • Want several rockets in different locations on the screen • I could copy and paste the code • Need to adjust all the numbers for the new location • Or… define a method IAT 355

  5. First method for drawing a rocket void drawRocket() { fill(255); triangle(10, 0, 0, 20, 20, 20); rectMode(CORNERS); rect(5, 20, 8, 23); rect(12, 20, 15, 23); } Gotcha! Once you start using methods, all code must be in methods (can’t just directly call drawRocket() at the top of the file) IAT 355

  6. Didn’t seem to help much… • Still just draws a rocket at one fixed location • Need arguments that allow me to tell the program where I want the rocket! • Must figure out the relationship between the position and the location of the rest of the parts • Argument variables are available within the method, but not outside (method scope) IAT 355

  7. DrawRocket() with arguments void drawRocket(int x, int y, float rot) { final inthalfHeight = 10; final inthalfWidth = 10; triangle(0, -halfHeight, -halfWidth, halfHeight, halfWidth, halfHeight); rectMode(CORNERS); rect(-halfWidth + 5, halfHeight, -halfWidth + 8, halfHeight + 3); rect(halfWidth - 8, halfHeight, halfWidth - 5, halfHeight + 3); } We’re purposely ignoring the arguments for now IAT 355

  8. Now I’d like to specify rotation • Currently I specify the nose position and it draws a rocket that faces straight up • To rotate the rocket, I’d need to figure out the new position of the vertices • Too hard! • Instead of rotating the rocket, rotate the paper • As long as I’m rotating the paper, I may as well slide it around as well • To prepare for translating and rotating, first draw the rocket centered around the origin (0,0) IAT 355

  9. Add translation and rotation void drawRocket(int x, int y, float rot) { final inthalfHeight = 10; final inthalfWidth = 10; translate(x, y); rotate(rot); triangle(0, -halfHeight, -halfWidth, halfHeight, halfWidth, halfHeight); rectMode(CORNERS); rect(-halfWidth + 5, halfHeight, -halfWidth + 8, halfHeight + 3); rect(halfWidth - 8, halfHeight, halfWidth - 5, halfHeight + 3); } Let’s try drawing several rockets IAT 355

  10. Works fine for one call… • But when we call it twice, it doesn’t seem to work • Looks like first call messes up subsequent calls • What happening is that, when you move the paper (translate, rotate) the paper stays moved • Subsequent paper moves (additional translates and rotates) build on top of the previous ones • What we want is to move the paper, draw, and move it back • We need pushMatrix() and popMatrix() • pushMatrix() remembers the previous paper position (previous transformation matrix) • popMatrix() restores the paper to the remembered position (restores the transformation matrix) IAT 355

  11. Using pushMatrix() and popMatrix() void drawRocket(int x, int y, float rot) { final inthalfHeight = 10; final inthalfWidth = 10; pushMatrix(); translate(x, y); rotate(rot); triangle(0, -halfHeight, -halfWidth, halfHeight, halfWidth, halfHeight); rectMode(CORNERS); rect(-halfWidth + 5, halfHeight, -halfWidth + 8, halfHeight + 3); rect(halfWidth - 8, halfHeight, halfWidth - 5, halfHeight + 3); popMatrix(); } IAT 355

  12. Classes IAT 355

  13. Classes • Java (Processing) is an object-oriented language • This means that parts of your program that you treat as conceptual things, become things (objects) in the program code • Objects are built from classes • Classes are the blueprint, objects are built from the blueprint • Objects are called instances of classes • Our rocket sure seems like a thing – let’s turn it into a class IAT 355

  14. Parts of a class • Classes define fields, constructors and methods • Fields are the variables that will appear inside every instance of the class • Each instance has its own values • Constructors are special methods that define how to build instances (generally, how to set the initial values of fields) • Methods are how you do things to instances IAT 355

  15. Defining the rocket class class Rocket { // fields float rotation = 0; float xPos; float yPos; final inthalfWidth = 10; final inthalfHeight= 10; // constructor Rocket( intinitialX, intinitialY, float initialRot ) { xPos = initialX; yPos = initialY; rotation = initialRot; } } IAT 355

  16. Using the class to create instances • Classes define a type • You can now declare variables of this type and initialize them using the constructor • Like arrays, the keyword new is used to tell Java to create a new object (hmm, so arrays must be objects…) Rocket r1, r2 ; void setup() { r1 = new Rocket(75, 10, 0); r2 = new Rocket(50, 50, PI/2); } • Nice, but my rockets don’t do anything (need methods!) IAT 355

  17. Adding a draw routine to our Rocket No Arguments! void draw() { pushMatrix(); translate(xPos, yPos); rotate(rotation); triangle(0, -halfHeight, -halfWidth, halfHeight, halfWidth, halfHeight); rectMode(CORNERS); rect(-halfWidth + 5, halfHeight, -halfWidth + 8, halfHeight + 3); rect(halfWidth - 8, halfHeight, halfWidth - 5, halfHeight + 3); popMatrix(); } Don’t need arguments because we use the fields But we could define additional arguments if we wanted to IAT 355

  18. Calling methods on objects • You call methods on instances • Think of the method as something your asking the object to do • For example, we can now ask the rockets to draw themselves r1.draw(); • In general, to call a method, take the name of the variable holding the object + “.” + the method name myObjectInstance.myMethod(); IAT 355

  19. What else do we want to do to the Rocket? • We may want to change the rotation rotateClockwise(); rotateCounterclockwise(); • We may want to give the rocket a boost fireThrusters(); IAT 355

  20. Review • Graphics: triangle() draw a triangle pushMatrix() copy the top of the matrix stack translate() change XYZ location rotate() rotate about origin … draw in translated & rotated coordinates popMatrix() recover the previous matrix IAT 355

  21. Review • Object Oriented Programming • Class -- a type you define • Instance -- one variable of a class • Fields -- variables within a class • Methods -- functions that act within a class • Constructor -- create an instance of a class IAT 355

  22. Review • Graphics/ OO Example • Rocket • Translated & rotated to its new location • Data of location stored within its class • Each rocket has its own location • And its own data! IAT 355

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