Chaldeans

5. Chaldeans • They drove out the Assyrians. • Nebuchadnezzar was the most famous. • He built the hanging gardens of Babylon – one of the seven wonders of the world.

6. Persians • In 539 BCE, the Persians attacked and beat the Chaldeans out. • They originally came from Persia – modern day Iran. • First king was Cyrus the Great

7. Cyrus the Great • Practiced tolerance – “Don’t harm people or destroy temples when you attack” • The Chaldeans had forced the Jews to come to Babylon – Cyrus let them go home. • People could live as they wanted, just needed to pay tribute to Cyrus.

8. Darius I • Strong king • Pushed the empire from Egypt to India. • He divided the empire into provinces and set a noble in charge of each province.

9. Improvements to the Empire • The built roads to get messages from one side of the kingdom to another. • They had a “Pony Express” system: ride a horse for as far as you could then get a new one and keep riding. • Persians used a gold coin called: daric.

10. Zoroastrianism • There were two gods in the world:Highest God: Ahura Mazda stood for goodness and light. • Lesser God: Ahriman stood for evil and darkness. • Life after death • Good people were rewarded; bad people were punished.

11. Ancient Greece Unit 2, Day 7 & 8

12. Early Greeks • The Minoan because around 1500 BCE. • They were destroyed by a volcano and people thought they were a myth…until archeologists found it.

13. Greece • Greece is located on a peninsula…they were maritime people (in other words, sea-faring) • They had very rocky soil and couldn’t grow crops, so they traded a lot and set up colonies.

14. Greece • They were divided by many mountains and rivers. • City-states arose and Greek people were fiercely loyal to their city. • Two major city-states: Athens and Sparta (we’ll talk about them on Wednesday) • Even though there wasn’t one central authority, there was a common culture.

15. Greek Culture • Olympic Games: people would come from all over Greece to compete. • Chariot Races • Boxing • Pancratium: boxing and wrestling • Pentathlon: run, jump, throw the discus, wrestling, and hurl the javelin.

16. Greek Culture • Theater: western theater has it’s origins in Greece. • Festivals to celebrate Dionysus. • In open air theaters. • Anyone could go…it was free! • Lasted all day long.

17. Athens • Around 500 BCE at the same times as Sparta. • At first it was an oligarchy (rule by a few) but the peasants didn’t like this. • So a guy named Solon instituted reforms. • They had a direct democracy: people ruled themselves. • They would all gather together and vote on issues of the city. • However, it didn’t include women or people who were not citizens (born in Athens)

18. Athens • Many important philosophers came out of Athens. • Socrates tried to gain wisdom by asking questions. • He didn’t leave us any writings. • Executed in Athens for “corrupting” youth. He was forced to drink Hemlock.

19. Athens • Plato was Socrates student, he theorized on perfect government. • Believed that peoples worth should be gauged on talent.

20. Athens • Aristotle was Plato’s student. He set up a school in Athens where Alexander the Great studied when he was a boy. • Classified fields of knowledge • Universe changes • Education for all

21. Persian War

22. Peloponnesian War

23. Alexander the Great

24. Ancient Rome Unit 2, Day 9

25. Colonies • Greeks and Phoenicians set up colonies. • They taught the people who lived there how to grow grapes and olives.

26. Etruscans • Settled in northern Italy around 800 BCE • Expanded south and settled at a little town named Rome. • The kings were often cruel and in 509 BCE, they kicked the Etruscan kings out of Rome and set up a Republic

27. Republic • A republic is where you elect people to govern for you…it’s the type of government we have! • Consuls: 2 men who lead the government…they had the power of kings when they agreed • Senators: 300 men who helped the Consuls make decisions • Dictator: Chosen by the Senate in times of war…only had power for 6 months.

28. Republic • Patricians – • Wealthy land owners • Could be consuls or senators • Plebeians – • Farmers and common people • Didn’t even know the laws often (because they were no written down)

29. Plebeians Gain Power • In 450 BCE, laws were written down. • Plebeians learned the laws…learned that they were unfair and began demanding changes. • Eventually gained leaders of their own: Tribunes.

30. Life in the Roman Republic • Fathers were the head of everything…little to no rights for women. • Patrician boys went to school. • Girls married at 13.

31. Growth of the Republic • By 270 BCE they had control of the whole Italian peninsula.

32. Punic Wars • Rome wanted control of the Mediterranean. • In 264 BCE Carthage went to war with Rome for this control (1st Punic War – Rome won) • In 218 BCE, Hannibal went with Elephants over the Alps. • Took Rome by surprise • Robe attacked Carthage in 202 BCE (2nd Punic War – Rome Won)

33. Punic War • 149 BCE, Rome burned Carthage to the ground (3rd Punic War – Rome wins) • By the end they controlled Greece, northern Africa, and other lands around the Mediteranean.

34. Roman Life

35. PaxRomana • Peace through Victory! • Lasted for 200 years. • After Augustus became emperor, he increased the size of the empire by extending into Germania.

36. PaxRomana • During this time, trade flourished. • The same coins were used throughout the empire and there were no tarrifs. • There were no more pirates…Arrr! • Also, much of the trade came through Rome, so it became very wealthy.

37. Roman Law • The laws did not fit for the large empire. • JuisPrudents helped judges create laws. • By 125 CE, Roman law was standardized.

38. Daily Life in the Roman Empire • 1 million people lived in Rome. • They had many of the same issues as people do today: • Air pollution • Too little housing • Crime • No jobs • High Taxes

39. Daily Life in the Roman Empire • Rich People: lived in domus, or houses. They even had running water. • Poor People: lived in apartments that were 6 or more stories high. There would be shops on the bottom floors. • Rent was really high.

40. Leisure Activities • Bathhouses – come take a bath with 50 of your closest friends! • Actually, they had running water, three different temperatures, gyms, game rooms, lectures, and musical shows.

41. Leisure Activities • Chariot Races – Watch a man pulled in a chariot by two horses circle a track! • Actually, the most exciting were held at Circus Maximus – an arena that could hold 200,000 people.

42. Leisure Activities • Gladiator Games – come see ______ (fill in with prisoner, slave, criminal, or poor people) get killed! • The night before they would go to a feast so people could bet if they would live or die. • If they gave a good fight, they were idols. • If they didn’t, they’d be killed even if they survived.

43. Leisure Activities • Other games included animals fighting each other or gladiators to the death. • Sometimes 5,000 animals would be killed in a day. • Some species were completely wiped out: North African Elephant and Mesopotamian Lions.

44. And for a Random bit of Trivia… Roman Banquet Appetizers: Snails fed on Milk Fried Bulbs Grilled Truffles in Sausage Skin Minced Sea-Crayfish-Tail Balls Barley Soup with Dried Vegetables Topped with Cabbage Leaves Puree of Lettuce Leaves with Onions Desserts: Sweet Fricasse of Pumpkin Egg Sponge with Milk in Honey Stew of Apricots Main Course: Boiled Electric Ray with Hot Raisins Boiled Crane with Turnips Smoked Pig’s Stomach Stuffed with Brains, Pine Kernels, and Peppercorns Roast Hare with White Sauce Leg of Boar Roast Flamingo with Jericho Dates, Dried Onion, Honey, and Wine Wood Pigeon Baked in Oil Flour Pastry.

45. Roman Religion: Part II

46. The Early Church • At first, it was considered an off shoot of Judaism. • But as it grew, Rome became extremely suspicious of the teachings of the Christian Church. • Rome then started a formalized persecution of Christians.

47. Growth of Christianity • In spite of Rome’s persecution, Christianity continued to grow especially among the disenfranchised: noncitizens, slaves, the poor, commoners, and women. • The new religion was open to all and provided a place and a value to people who society normally overlooked.

48. As all good things must... • Over time, as Christianity grew, it began to reflect the male dominated and patriarchal society around it. • It was at this point that Paul’s writings were used to keep women and slaves “in their place” and church hierarchy was reserved for men.

49. Making Christianity Official • When Christianity was still illegal, Emperor Constantine supposedly had a vision of Christ. • He issued the Edict of Milan which made Christianity legal.

50. Legal Christianity • In making Christianity legal, many pagan customs were incorporated into Christianity’s traditions. • By 380 CE, Christianity was the official state religion of Rome.