Otitis Media & Sinusitis

1. Otitis Media & Sinusitis Diego Martinez Sergio Serna Alan Acevedo Angel Mafnas

2. Types of Otitis Media • Acute otitis media (AOM) • Is classified as the firstsymptoms to show an ear infection. Mostlyfound in youngerchildren. • Otitis media with effusion (OME) • There is no ear infection butthere is a thick or sticky fluid behind the eardrum. • Chronic suppurative otitis media • Inflammation of the middleear or the eardrummight be perforateddue to fluid in the middleear. • Adhesive otitis media • This occurs when the eardrumgetssucked in deeper in to the middleearspace and getsstucked.

3. Otitis Media Etiology • inflammation of the ear, usually distinguished as otitis externa • Causes- An ear infection is usually caused by bacteria or viruses that get into the body through the nose and mouth. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most frequently isolated pathogens in patients with acute otitis media . • More than 80 percent of children have at least one episode of otitis media by the time they are 3 years of age.

4. Otitis Media Epidemiology

5. Otitis Media • Transmission • AOM is transmitted by airborne spread of the causative infectious agents in droplets, sprayed into the air when a sick person coughs or sneezes. The infection in the new host usually begins with a common cold, sore throat or measles. The presence of certain risk factors makes babies and young children more vulnerable to developing AOM.

6. Tests and diagnosis Pneumatic Otoscope- The doctor will likely use a lighted instrument to look at the ears, throat and nasal passage. He or she will also listen to your child breathe with a stethoscope. Additional tests- Your doctor may perform other diagnostic tests if there is any doubt about a diagnosis, if the condition hasn't responded to previous treatments, or if there are other persistent or serious problems.

7. Symptoms Children- •Ear pain, especially when lying down •Tugging or pulling at an ear •Difficulty sleeping •Crying more than usual •Acting more irritable than usual •Difficulty hearing or responding to sounds

8. Symptoms Adults • Ear pain, especially when lying down • Tugging or pulling at an ear • Difficulty sleeping • Crying more than usual • Acting more irritable than usual • Difficulty hearing or responding to sounds

9. Preventions • Prevent common colds and other illnesses: Teach your children to wash their hands frequently and thoroughly and to not share eating and drinking utensils. Avoid secondhand smoke • Talk to your doctor about vaccinations: Ask your doctor about what vaccinations are appropriate for your child. Seasonal flu shots and pneumococcal vaccines may help prevent ear infections.

10. Treatment Most ear infections resolve without treatment with antibiotics. What's best for your child depends on many factors, including your child's age and the severity of symptoms. Children 6 months and older with moderate to severe ear pain in one or both ears for at least 48 hours or a temperature of 102.2 F or higher.

11. Sinusitis • Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses. It occurs as a result from an infection from a virus, bacteria, or fungus. • Sinusitis is a upper respiratory infection. • It effects a organ in the nose.

12. Sinusitis Epidemiology • Sinuses are spaces in our skull filled with air. • Mucus sometimes drains into the sinuses and cleans them out. • When this spaces become blocked, bacteria or other organisms can grow easily. • This can happen when: • Cilia in the sinuses fail to remove mucus. • Colds and allergies can cause too much mucus to get stuck in the sinuses. • A deviated nasal septum, nasal bone spur, or nasal polyps may block the opening of the sinuses.

13. Sinusitis • There are two types of Sinusitis: • Acute sinusitis • Symptoms show in 4 weeks or less. It is caused because of bacteria growing in the sinuses. • Chronic sinusitis • Swelling and inflammation of the sinuses are present for longar than 3 months. It may be caused by bacteria or fungi. • Common in bothchildren and adults. • Sinusitis is common in the US, reportingbetween 24 to 31 million cases annually.

14. Sinusitis • Sinusitis is notcontagious. But the bacteria or organismthat can cause a blockage in the sinuses can be transmitted. • The symptoms of acute sinusitis follow a coldthatdoesn´t get better or evengetsworse. The symptoms are: • Bad breath or loss of smell • Cough, often worse at night • Fatigue and general feeling of being ill • Fever • Headache -- pressure-like pain, pain behind the eyes, toothache, or tenderness of the face • Nasal stuffiness and discharge • Sore throat and postnasal drip

15. Sinusitis • Symptoms of chronic sinusitis are the same as those of acute sinusitis, but tend to be milder and last longer than 12 weeks. • Symptoms of sinusitis in children include: • Cold or respiratory illness that has been getting better and then begins to get worse • High fever, along with a darkened nasal discharge, that lasts for at least 3 days • Nasal discharge, with or without a cough, that has been present for more than 10 days and is not improving

16. Sinusitis • The doctor will examine the patient for sinusitis by: • Looking in the nose for signs of polyps • Shining a light against the sinus for signs of inflammation • Tapping over a sinus area to find infection • Viewing the sinuses through a nasal endoscopy may help diagnose sinusitis. • Imaging tests that may be used to decide on treatment are: • CT scan  • MRI • If the patient has sinusitis that does not go away or keeps returning, other tests may include: • Allergy testing • Blood tests for HIV or other tests for poor immune function • Ciliary function test • Nasal culture

17. Sinusitis • To help reduce congestion in your sinuses, you can: • Apply a warm, moist washcloth to your face several times a day. • Drink plenty of fluids to thin the mucus. • Inhale steam 2 - 4 times per day • To prevent sinus pain: • Avoid flying when you are congested. • Avoid temperature extremes, sudden changes in temperature, and bending forward with your head down. • Most of the time, Acute sinusitis infection doesn´t need medication. It heals on its own. Antibiotic can still be used but will only reduce the time it takes the infection to go away.

18. Sinusitis • The bestway to avoid Sinusitis infections is to: • Avoidcolds and flu. • Eathealthy. • Get vaccineagaints influenza eachyear. • Washyourhandsoften. • Don´t stress out.

19. References • http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/prevention/con-20014260 • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-treatment • www.Youtube.com