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Carbohydrates (sugars)

Carbohydrates (sugars). Classified based on # of simple sugars C H O in 1:2:1 ratio Major nutrients for cells; ie glucose Produced by photosynthetic organisms Store energy in chemical bonds C skeletons raw materials for other organic compounds. Carbohydrates-disaccharides.

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Carbohydrates (sugars)

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  1. Carbohydrates (sugars) • Classified based on # of simple sugars • C H O in 1:2:1 ratio • Major nutrients for cells; ie glucose • Produced by photosynthetic organisms • Store energy in chemical bonds • C skeletons raw materials for other organic compounds

  2. Carbohydrates-disaccharides Disacch. Monomers Maltose glu + glu Lactose glu + galac Sucrose glu + fru

  3. Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides • 2 Important biological functions: • Energy storage (starch, glycogen) • Structural support (cellulose, chitin)

  4. Storage Polysaccharides • Starch = glucose polymer, for energy storage in plants • Helical glucose polymer • Most animals have enzymes to hydrolyze it • Major sources in Human diet are potatoes And grains

  5. Storage Polysaccharides • Glycogen = glucose polymer, for energy storage in animals • Branched molec. • Stored in muscle and liver of humans and other vertebrates

  6. Structural Polysaccharides • Cellulose = linear unbranched polymer • Major structural component of plant cell walls • Differs from starch in its monomer linkage • Cannot be digested by most organisms

  7. Structural Polysaccharides • Chitin = structural polysacch.; a polymer of an amino sugar (nature’s plastic) • Forms exoskeleton of Arthropods • Found as cell walls in fungi

  8. Lipids Diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water Includes animal fats, plant oils, steroids, phospholipids Made of fatty acids and glycerol

  9. Saturated All single bonds Solid at room temp Animal fats Unsaturated One or more double bonds between carbons Liquid at room temp “Vegetable” or plant oils Fat

  10. Useful functions of fat • Energy storage • More compact fuel reserve than carbo. • Cushions vital organs in mammals • Insulates against heat loss

  11. Phospholipids • Component of cell membranes (bilayer) • 2 fatty acids & phosphate group • Amphipathic behavior in water

  12. Steroids • Lipids w/ 4 fused carbon rings and various functional groups • Cholesterol important as precurser to other steroids; and enhance membrane fluidity

  13. Proteins • Complex polymers of amino acids • Abundant: make up 50% or more of dry wt • Varied functions in cell: structure, metabolism, transport, signaling, movement, defense • Each has unique 3-D shape • Made of only 20 different amino acids

  14. Amino Acid Structure

  15. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Can replicate itself and be passed from one generation of cells to the next Genes are segments of DNA that code for protein Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Functions as mediator between genotype and phenotype 3 functional forms carry out “protein synthesis” Nucleic Acids

  16. DNA, the Genetic Code RNA the Trait Maker Nucleic Acids

  17. Nucleotides: monomers of nucleic acids • Pentose, a 5C sugar • Nitrogen Base • Phosphate

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