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Understanding Cell Reproduction: Chromosomes, Cell Division, and Meiosis

This chapter explores the fundamental concepts of cell reproduction, emphasizing the structure and function of chromosomes, the processes of cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the unique nature of meiosis. It details the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes, the role of sex chromosomes and autosomes, and distinguishes between diploid and haploid cells. The chapter further provides insights into the cell cycle, stages of mitosis, and the significance of meiosis in producing genetic diversity among organisms.

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Understanding Cell Reproduction: Chromosomes, Cell Division, and Meiosis

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  1. Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes Section 2 Cell Division Section 3 Meiosis

  2. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Objectives • Describethe structure of a chromosome. • Identifythe differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes. • Comparethe numbers of chromosomes in different species. • Explainthe differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes. • Distinguishbetween diploid and haploid cells.

  3. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure • Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of DNA and protein. • In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins calledhistonesto help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes.

  4. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure

  5. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Parts of a Chromosome Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  6. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure, continued • Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler in structure than chromosomes in eukaryotes.

  7. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Comparing Cell Division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  8. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers • Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell.

  9. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms

  10. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers, continued • Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes • Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism. • All of the other chromosomes in an organism are autosomes.

  11. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  12. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers, continued • Diploid and Haploid Cells • Cells having two sets of chromosomes are diploid (2n). • Haploid cells (1n) have only one set of chromosomes.

  13. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Karyotype Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  14. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Objectives • Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes. • Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes. • Summarize the events of interphase. • Describe the stages of mitosis. • Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells. • Explain how cell division is controlled.

  15. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes • Cell divisionis the process by which cells reproduce themselves.

  16. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued • Binary fissionis the process of cell division in prokaryotes.

  17. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Eukaryotes • Cell Cycle • The cell cycle is the repeating set of events in the life of a cell. • The cell cycle consists of cell division and interphase. • Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear division, called mitosis, and the division of cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.

  18. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Cycle Introduction

  19. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued • Interphase • Interphase consists of growth (G1), DNA replication, and preparation for cell division (G2).

  20. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis • Mitosis is divided into stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. • Mitosis results in two offspring cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

  21. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis

  22. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Mitosis

  23. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cytokinesis • During cytokinesis in animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two cells. • In plant cells, a cell plate separates the dividing cell into two cells.

  24. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  25. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Control of Cell Division • Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many proteins. • Control occurs at three main checkpoints.

  26. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Control of the Cell Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  27. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Control of Cell Division, continued • When Control is Lost: Cancer • Cancer may result if cells do not respond to control mechanisms.

  28. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Objectives • Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis. • Summarizethe events of meiosis I. • Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals. • Summarizethe events of meiosis II. • Comparespermatogenesis and oogenesis. • Define sexual reproduction.

  29. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Formation of Haploid Cells • Meiosisis a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell. • Meiosis produces haploid gametes.

  30. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Formation of Haploid Cells, continued • Meiosisis a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell. • Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes) rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis.

  31. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis I • Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. • Crossing-over, which is when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetics material, occurs during prophase I and results in genetic recombination.

  32. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  33. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis II • Meiosis II includes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. • Four new haploid cells result.

  34. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Stages of Meiosis

  35. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Stages of Meiosis, continued

  36. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  37. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Development of Gametes • Spermatogenesisis the process by which sperm cells are produced. • Oogenesisis the process that produces mature egg cells.

  38. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis in Male and Female Animals

  39. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproductionis the formation of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg. • Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are genetically different from the parents.

  40. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Sexual Reproduction Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

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