Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10

1. Practice Quiz Chapter 3 Virtue and Vice Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 MAIN MENU To Exit: Press Escape

2. 1. By the "golden mean" Aristotle means: a. a virtue is the average or mean behavior of the population of a certain culture in regard to the control of a certain emotion, passion or feeling. b. a virtue is the mean between two extremes in regard to a certain feeling, emotion or desire; a vice is either an excess or defect in regard to the same thing. c. a virtue is the proper ratio of excess to defect in the control of an emotion. d. what is generally called the "golden rule".

3. 2. When we say that someone has the trait of honesty, what is usually meant is that such a person a. has occasionally done honest things. b. is an honest employee. c. shows honesty, globally, that is, in all or most aspects of his or her life. d. never tells the truth.

4. 3. Temperance is BEST described as a. the willingness to incur risk for purposes greater than self- interest. b. the ability to moderate pleasure; self-control in regard to pleasure and positive feelings and passions. c. the ability to control one's consumption of alcohol. d. hedonism.

5. 4. Which of the following claims best describes Epicureanism: a. whatever is pleasurable ought to be pursued. b. in order to achieve a certain inner harmony and peace of mind, one must learn to grow indifferent to both pleasure and pain. c. choose only those pleasures that yield greater pleasures; seek only those pleasures that yield repose of body and mind. d. pleasure corrupts both body and spirit.

6. 5. Which of the following is the LEAST accurate claim concerning courage as it is articulated in the text: a. courage centers around acts that involve the threat of serious pain, great harm or risk. b. courage usually involves acts that are done for something larger than the person, for example, in order to save another's life, or to support a worthwhile cause. c. courageous acts may involve fear or the overcoming of fear, but not necessarily. d. fearlessness is a good example of courage

7. 6. Which of the following BEST describes the character of bravery as it is articulated in the text: a. bravery is the ability to do something despite fear of personal injury or harm to oneself. b. bravery is fearlessness. c. bravery is the willingness to do something for a cause or for another person, despite great risk of personal injury or harm of some sort. d. bravery is the ability to endure suffering.

8. 7. Which of the following is NOT considered a traditional condition of fairness: a. a fair arrangement should be mutually advantageous for its participants. b. the rules of a fair arrangement should be impartial. c. the rules of a fair arrangement should be publicly accessible and implicitly or explicitly consented to by the participants. d. the rules of a fair arrangement should always assure the greatest reward for those who contribute the most to that arrangement.

9. 8. Questions of distributive justice can include all of the following EXCEPT: a. an account of political rights and duties of participants in a collective arrangement. b. rules for taxation in a population. c. assignment of wages and salaries for various occupations. d. the question of proper punishment for the violation of public rules in a cooperative arrangement.

10. 9. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the characteristics of fair-minded persons: a. fair-minded persons are willing to cooperate or participate in fair arrangements for which they receive some benefit. b. a fair-minded person does not seek more benefits than what is due her. c. fair-minded persons are willing to correct unfair arrangements towards fairness. d. fair-minded persons are indifferent, in the sense that they are not interested in those who may be unfairly disadvantaged by a cooperative arrangement.

11. 10. John's employer is investigating a possible conflict of interest in the case of the Purchasing Department's decision to use a certain contractor for remodeling some of the business' facilities. John is middle management in the Purchasing Department. John is asked some questions, and swears to tell the truth. To each question that he is asked, John gives an answer which he genuinely believes to be accurate information. However, in the course of the questioning, John remembers a memo that would have real bearing on the case, and which the employer should have a right to know about; but since he is not asked about the memo, he feels that it is not in his best interest to inform the investigators about it, and so chooses not to say anything about it. Strictly speaking, John a. lied. b. engaged in non-disclosure. c. acted deceptively. d. mislead the investigators.

12. A. a virtue is the average or mean behavior of the population of a certain culture in regard to the control of a certain emotion, passion or feeling. INCORRECT Rationale: although mean usually means average, here Aristotle is using it to describe a midpoint, or balance between two extremes, so that courage is a mean between cowardliness, or excessive fear, and rashness, that is, too little fear. Try Again View tutorial on Virtue

13. a virtue is the mean between two extremes in regard to a • certain feeling, emotion or desire; a vice is either an excess or • defect in regard to the same thing. CORRECT Next Question

14. a virtue is the proper ratio of excess to defect in the • control of an emotion. INCORRECT Rationale: virtue is not so much a ratio of excess to defect, but the balance between excess and defect. Courage is a mean between cowardliness, or excessive fear, and rashness, that is, too little fear. Try Again View tutorial on Virtue

15. d. what is generally called the "golden rule". INCORRECT Rationale: The golden rule is “do unto others as you would have others do unto you.” By the golden mean, Aristotle, meant that virtue is a balance between two extremes, so that courage is a mean between cowardliness, or excessive fear, and rashness, that is, too little fear. Try Again View tutorial on Virtue

16. a. has occasionally done honest things. INCORRECT Rationale: a trait is considered by psychologists to be a global behavior, i.e., exhibited or manifested in a wide range of behaviors. Try again View tutorial on Virtue

17. b. is an honest employee. INCORRECT Rationale: a trait is considered by psychologists to be a global behavior, i.e., exhibited or manifested in a wide range of behaviors. Honesty just at work wouldn’t make a trait. Try again View tutorial on Virtue

18. c. shows honesty, globally, that is, in all or most aspects of his or her life. CORRECT Next Question

19. d. never tells the truth. INCORRECT Rationale: just the opposite; a person with a trait of honesty would have a tendency to predominantly tell the truth. Try again View tutorial on Virtue

20. the willingness to incur risk for purposes greater than • self-interest. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly the definition of courage. Temperance is moderation of one’s desire for pleasure. View Tutorial on Temperance Try again

21. b. the ability to moderate pleasure; self-control in regard to pleasure and positive feelings and passions. CORRECT Next Question

22. c. the ability to control one's consumption of alcohol. INCORRECT Rationale: although control of alcohol consumption is one form of temperance, it does not capture all the various types of temperance. Temperance is concerned with the moderation of all forms of pleasure. View Tutorial on Temperance Try again

23. d. hedonism. INCORRECT Rationale: Hedonism is a philosophy concerning the proper role of pleasure in our lives, and argues that the goal of life is to lead a pleasurable life. Temperance is a virtue concerning the control of pleasure. Hedonists would argue that temperance is needed to achieve the right sort of pleasures in life. View Tutorial on Temperance Try again

24. a. whatever is pleasurable ought to be pursued. INCORRECT Rationale: although hedonism argues that the goal of life is to lead a pleasurable life, this does not mean that one ought to pursue anything that is pleasurable. There are the right and wrong sorts of pleasures to pursue. Try again View Tutorial on Temperance

25. b. in order to achieve a certain inner harmony and peace of mind, one must learn to grow indifferent to both pleasure and pain. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly the definitionof stoicism. Hedonism argues that the right sort of pleasures ought to be the goal in one’s life. Try again View Tutorial on Temperance

26. c. choose only those pleasures that yield greater pleasures; seek only those pleasures that yield repose of body and mind. CORRECT Next Question

27. d. pleasure corrupts both body and spirit. INCORRECT Rationale: Just the opposite. For the hedonists pleasure is the end or goal in life, although it is a question of finding the right sorts of pleasure. Try again View Tutorial on Temperance

28. courage centers around acts that involve the threat of serious • pain, great harm or risk. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the leastaccurate statement. This is an accurate statement about courage. View Tutorial on Courage Try Again

29. b. courage usually involves acts that are done for something larger than the person, for example, in order to save another's life, or to support a worthwhile cause. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the leastaccurate statement. This is an accurate statement about courage. Try again View Tutorial on Courage

30. c. courageous acts may involve fear or the overcoming of fear, but not necessarily. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the leastaccurate statement. This is an accurate statement about courage. Try again View Tutorial on Courage

31. d. fearlessness is a good example of courage CORRECT Rationale: fearlessness is the ability of to feel no fear in the presence of something that most would consider dangerous. Next Question

32. a. bravery is the ability to do something despite fear of personal injury or harm to oneself. CORRECT Next Question

33. b. bravery is fearlessness. INCORRECT Rationale: A fearless person is someone who is typically less afraid in dangerous situations. A brave person must struggle to overcome his or her fear. View Tutorial on Courage Try Again

34. c. bravery is the willingness to do something for a cause or for another person, despite great risk of personal injury or harm of some sort. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly the definition of courage. Bravery is simply the ability to control one’s fear, regardless of the purpose. View Tutorial on Courage Try Again

35. d. bravery is the ability to endure suffering. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly the definition of perseverance. View Tutorial on Courage Try Again

36. a fair arrangement should be mutually advantageous for • its participants. INCORRECT Rationale: this is an accurate feature of fairness. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

37. b. the rules of a fair arrangement should be impartial. INCORRECT Rationale: this is an accurate feature of fairness. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

38. c. the rules of a fair arrangement should be publicly accessible and implicitly or explicitly consented to by the participants. INCORRECT Rationale: this is an accurate feature of fairness. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

39. d. the rules of a fair arrangement should always assure the greatest reward for those who contribute the most to that arrangement. CORRECT Rationale: Some arrangements, such as the family, may be designed to help those, like children, who contribute the least to the family, economically speaking. Next Question

40. an account of political rights and duties of participants in a • collective arrangement. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the statement which does not accurately describe the characteristics of distributive justice. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

41. b. rules for taxation in a population. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the statement which does not accurately describe the characteristics of distributive justice. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

42. c. assignment of wages and salaries for various occupations. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the statement which does not accurately describe the characteristics of distributive justice. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

43. d. the question of proper punishment for the violation of public rules in a cooperative arrangement. CORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly a function of retributive or corrective justice. Next question

44. fair-minded persons are willing to cooperate or participate in • fair arrangements for which they receive some benefit. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the least accurate statement. This is an accurate characterization of the fair-minded person. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

45. b. a fair-minded person does not seek more benefits than what is due her. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the least accurate statement. This is an accurate characterization of the fair-minded person. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

46. c. fair-minded persons are willing to correct unfair arrangements towards fairness. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for the least accurate statement. This is an accurate characterization of the fair-minded person. View Tutorial on Fairmindedness Try again

47. d. fair-minded persons are indifferent, in the sense that they are not interested in those who may be unfairly disadvantaged by a cooperative arrangement CORRECT Rationale: indifference is not the same as impartiality. A fair-minded person is concerned about unfairness. Next question

48. a. lied. INCORRECT Rationale: Strictly speaking he did not lie, since he was not asked directly about the matter. View tutorial on Honesty Try again

49. b. engaged in non-disclosure. CORRECT MAIN MENU To Exit: Press Escape

50. c. acted deceptively. INCORRECT Rationale: there did not seem to be a plan, or any forethought on this matter. Consequently, it should not count as deception. View tutorial on Honesty Try again