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Chapter 23

Chapter 23. Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis. Aggregate Demand. The relationship between the quantity of aggregate output demanded and the price level when all other variables are held constant. Aggregate demand is made up of four component parts. Aggregate Demand (cont’d).

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis

  2. Aggregate Demand • The relationship between the quantity of aggregate output demanded and the price level when all other variables are held constant. • Aggregate demand is made up of four component parts

  3. Aggregate Demand (cont’d)

  4. FIGURE 1 Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve

  5. Aggregate Demand (cont’d) • The fact that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping can also be derived from the quantity theory of money analysis. • If velocity stays constant, a constant money supply implies constant nominal aggregate spending, and a decrease in the price level is matched with an increase in aggregate demand.

  6. Factors that Shift Aggregate Demand • An increase in the money supply shifts AD to the right: holding velocity constant, an increase in the money supply increases the quantity of aggregate demand at each price level • An increase in spending from any of the components C, I, G, NX, will also shift AD to the right

  7. Summary Table 1 Factors That Shift the Aggregate Demand Curve

  8. Aggregate Supply • Long-run aggregate supply curve • Determined by amount of capital and labor and the available technology • Vertical at the natural rate of output generated by the natural rate of unemployment • Short-run aggregate supply curve • Wages and prices are sticky • Generates an upward sloping SRAS as firms attempt to take advantage of short-run profitability when price level rises

  9. FIGURE 2 Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve

  10. FIGURE 3 Aggregate Supply Curve in the Short Run

  11. Factors that Shift SRAS • Costs of production • Tightness of the labor market • Expected price level • Wage push • Change in production costs unrelated to wages (supply shocks)

  12. Summary Table 2 Factors That Shift the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve

  13. FIGURE 4 Equilibrium in the Short Run

  14. FIGURE 5 Adjustment to Long-Run Equilibrium in Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis

  15. Self-Correcting Mechanism • Regardless of where output is initially, it returns eventually to the natural rate • Slow • Wages are inflexible, particularly downward • Need for active government policy • Rapid • Wages and prices are flexible • Less need for government intervention

  16. FIGURE 6 Response of Output and the Price Level to a Shift in the Aggregate Demand Curve

  17. FIGURE 7 Response of Output and the Price Level to a Shift in Short-Run Aggregate Supply

  18. Shifts in Long-Run Aggregate Supply • Economic growth • Real business cycle theory • Real supply shocks drive short-run fluctuations in the natural rate of output (shifts of LRAS) • No need for government intervention • Hysteresis • Departure from full employment levels as a result of past high unemployment • Natural rate of unemployment shifts upward and natural rate of output falls below full employment • Expansionary policy needed to shift aggregate demand

  19. Conclusions • Shift in aggregate demand affects output only in the short run and has no effect in the long run • Shifts in aggregate demand affects only price level in the long run • Shift in short run aggregate supply affects output and price only in the short run and has no effect in the long run (holding the aggregate demand constant) • The economy has a self-correcting mechanism

  20. Table 3 Unemployment and Inflation During the Vietnam War Buildup, 1964–1970

  21. Table 4 Unemployment and Inflation During the Negative Supply Shocks Periods, 1973–1975 and 1978–1980

  22. Table 5 Unemployment and Inflation During the Favorable Supply Shocks Period, 1995–1999

  23. Table 6 Unemployment and Inflation During the Negative Demand Shocks Period, 2000–2004

  24. Table 7 Unemployment and Inflation During the Perfect Storm of 2007–2008

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