Public speaking From wiki Group4 彭琬馨 沈于暄 戴君圃

1. Public speaking From wiki Group4 彭琬馨 沈于暄 戴君圃

2. ★ Public speaking: the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberatemanner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. □ five basic elements ＊who is speaking ＊what to whom ＊using what medium ＊with what effects □ The purpose --such as ＊ transmitting information ＊ motivating people to act ＊ telling a story

3. Public speaking: a powerful tool for purposes in motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply entertaining. Good orators: ＊ Change the emotions of their listeners, not just inform them. ＊ A confident speaker is more likely to use speaking as excitement and create effective speech.

4. History □ The art of public speaking was first developed by the ancient Greek orators □ self-styled "sophists" (詭辯家) charged fees to "make the weaker argument stronger“. □ Plato, Aristotle, and Isocrates opposed the Sophists and built an institutionalform of permanent schools where public speaking was taught □ The Greek culture of training in public speaking was adopted by the Romans and rhetoric (雄辯術) developed into a full curriculum including instruction in grammar, preliminary (初步的) exercises, and preparation of public speeches in both forensic (辯論的) and deliberative genres.

5. Glossophobia Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking. →glosso: Greek γλῶσσαglōssa, meaning tongue → phobia:Greek φόβοςphobos, fear or dread ※Stage fright may be a symptom of glossophobia. Symptoms include: □ intense anxiety prior to, or simply at the thought of having to verbally communicate with any group. □ avoidance of events which focus the group's attention on individuals. □ physical distress, nausea(作嘔), or feelings of panic in such circumstances.

6. ◎ Estimated 95% of all speakers experience some degree of anxiety/nervousness when public speaking = almost everyone ! ◎ Some glossophobics have been able to dance, perform in public, or even to speak (such as in a play) or sing if they cannot see the audience, or if they feel that they are presenting a character or stage persona rather than themselves.

7. Training in Public Speaking Suppliers: Worldwide→ Toastmasters International, POWERtalk International National→ Australian Rostrum, Association of Speakers Clubs (ASC), National Forensics Association (NFA), the American Forensics Association (AFA); National Forensic League (NFL)

8. Aspects of training: Oratory The use of gestures Control of the voice (inflection) Vocabulary, register, word choice Speaking notes, pitches Using humor Developing a relationship with the audience

9. ※ Start Your Humor Deliver messages in an entertaining fashion and jolt your listeners into seeing things from a broader perspective. Bring out the wit and warmth of a relaxed person. Avoid upsetting or offending the wrong people. Keep track of funny things that happen in your own life, especially those that relate to the messages of your speeches. Start from adding a funny line or two to memos and work your way up to sharing short stories over the cubicle wall. http://www.toastmasters.org/MainMenuCategories/FreeResources/NeedHelpGivingaSpeech/TipsTechniques/Humor/Humor101.aspx

10. ※Gestures: Get Moving! Start with eye contact Avoid distracting mannerism Telling a story? Highlight the action verbs and look for ways to act out one or more parts. Stay true to your personality. Make gestures convincing. Half-hearted gestures look artificial. http://www.toastmasters.org/MainMenuCategories/FreeResources/NeedHelpGivingaSpeech/TipsTechniques/GesturesGetMoving.aspx

11. New tools for training →videos and on-line courses Video can provide significant training potential by revealing to the student actual examples of behaviors to emulate in addition to verbal knowledge transfer.