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Chapter 9: Intelligence & Language. Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College. The Evolution of Intelligence Testing. Sir Francis Galton (1869) Hereditary Genius Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (1905) Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale Mental age Lewis Terman (1916)
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Chapter 9: Intelligence & Language Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College
The Evolution of Intelligence Testing • Sir Francis Galton (1869) • Hereditary Genius • Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (1905) • Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale • Mental age • Lewis Terman (1916) • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = MA/CA x 100 created by William Stern • David Wechsler (1939) • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Factor Theories of Intelligence • Intelligence is made up of a number of mental abilities (factors) • Spearman’s g factor • General intelligence • s factor represents specific intelligence • Thurstone’s eight specific factors • Primary mental abilities
Theories of Intelligence • Sternberg’s triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical) • Gardner’s multiple intelligences (musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, existential) • Goleman’s emotional intelligence: understanding emotions in self and others; regulating emotions
Differences in Intellectual Functioning • Socioeconomic and Ethnic Differences • Consideration of social class • Lower-class U.S. children score 10 – 15 IQ points lower than middle- and upper-class • Consideration of ethnicity • Impact of social class • Asian Americans more likely to graduate high school and complete college
Do Intelligence Tests Contain Cultural Biases? • Tests may measure familiarity with dominant middle-class culture • Culture-free Intelligence Tests • Cattel’s Culture-Fair Intelligence Test • Goodenough’s Draw-A-Person test • European American children outperform African American children on “culture-free” test • Steele’s stereotype vulnerability • Ethnic differences vs. social class
Figure9.17 Genetics and between-group differences on a trait
Gender Differences in Intelligence Tests • Intelligence tests do not show overall differences in cognitive ability • Girls superior to boys in verbal ability • Boys excel in visual-spatial ability • Boys tend to score higher on math tests • Group scores represent greater variation within the group than between the groups
Genetic Influences on Intelligence • Kinship studies • IQ scores of identical twins are more alike than for any other pairs • Twin Studies • IQ scores of MZ twins reared together have higher correlation than MZ twins reared apart • Adoption Studies • Stronger relationship between IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents than between children and adoptive parents
Heritability of Intelligence • Heritability is between 40% and 60% • About half the difference between your IQ score and the IQ scores of other people can be explained by heredity • Environment is also important • Being reared together is related to IQ similarities • Cumulative deprivation hypothesis • Concept of “reaction range”
Findings of Studies of the Relationship between IQ Scores and Heredity
Environmental Influences on Intelligence The Flynn Effect • Home Environment • Important predictor of IQ scores - ages 3 to 8 • Education • Enriched early environments (Head Start) • Western world – IQ scores rose substantially between 1947 and 2002 • Impact of social and cultural factors • Changes also demonstrated in subpopulations • Educational gap between races in U.S. is narrowing
The Complex Web of Factors That Affect Intellectual Functioning
