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Mood Disorders and Suicide

Mood Disorders and Suicide. Abnormal Psychology Chapter 7. Mood Disorders. Understanding depression as opposed to the experience of sadness Intensity and duration Effects on functioning. Mood Disorders. Unipolar Mood Disorders: Major Depression Dysthymia Mania Bipolar Disorder.

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Mood Disorders and Suicide

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  1. Mood Disorders and Suicide Abnormal PsychologyChapter 7

  2. Mood Disorders • Understanding depression as opposed to the experience of sadness • Intensity and duration • Effects on functioning

  3. Mood Disorders • Unipolar Mood Disorders: • Major Depression • Dysthymia • Mania • Bipolar Disorder

  4. Major Depression • Cognitive symptoms • Physical symptoms- psychomotor retardation; sleep changes, appetite changes • Loss of interest/inability to experience pleasure

  5. Mania • Elation, euphoria, hyperactivity, agitation • Grandiosity • Rapid speech, incoherence: “flight of ideas” • Risky behavior • Hypomanic episode- less severe/risky than mania

  6. Major Depression • Initial diagnosis- single episode • Rare; typically recurs- 85% later experience a second episode • Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent • Median- four episodes over the lifespan • Each episode- average of 4-5 months

  7. Dysthymic Disorder • Depressive symptoms more mild than Major Depression • 2 years or longer, without being symptom free for longer than 2 months

  8. “Double Depression” • Major Depressive episodes occurring with Dysthymic Disorder • High rate of relapse/recurrence

  9. Onset of Major Depression • Increased risk during adolescence • Trend: Depression is occurring at earlier ages, worldwide

  10. Understanding Grief • Following the loss of a loved one, symptoms of depression are common • Concerning symptoms: • Prolonged depression • Psychotic features • Suicidal ideation

  11. Bipolar Disorder • Manic episodes alternate with Major Depressive episodes • Bipolar I: entails full manic episodes • Bipolar II: entails hypomanic episodes (less severe)

  12. Bipolar Disorder • Average age of onset for Bipolar I- 18 years • Average age of onset for Bipolar II: 19-22 • Can begin in childhood • Relatively rare to develop after 40

  13. Specifiers: Additional Defining Criteria • Catatonic features • Psychotic features • Postpartum onset • Seasonal patterns: (SAD) • Rapid cycling (noted in 20-40% cases of bipolar disorder)

  14. Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents • Manic states may be classified by more irritability/agitation vs. adults • Children, particularly boys: depression may be accompanied by aggression and conduct problems

  15. Major Depression in Elderly Populations • Increase in physical problems accompanied by a reduction in social support • Suicide rates are highest in elderly groups

  16. Mood Disorders:Causes • Biological: twin/family studies- strongly heritable • Neurotransmitters: lower levels of serotonin, other neurotransmitters vary more widely as a result • Psychological: diathesis-stress model; trauma • Social: marital relationships, work difficulties, social support

  17. Learned Helplessness • Depressive Attribution Style • Internal: attributes negative events to personal shortcomings • Stable: other bad things will still be my fault • Global: negativity across a range of issues

  18. Mood Disorders: Treatment • Antidepressants: Tricyclic, MAO inhibitors,Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors • Research: anti-depressants and suicide • Lithium: treatment of Bipolar Disorder • Toxicity • 50% of individuals with Bipolar Disorder respond well

  19. ECT • Electroconvulsive Therapy • Controversial approach- used much less frequently

  20. Psychological Treatment • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy • Combined Approaches • Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: • Regulation of sleep cycles and daily routines, nutritional regimens • Treating the family: • Family involvement lessens the relapse rate

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