Topic 4 – Transportation Terminals

1. Topic 4 – Transportation Terminals The Function of Transport Terminals Ports and Rail Terminals Airport Terminals Terminals and Security

2. A – The Function of Transport Terminals • 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals • 2. Passengers Terminals • 3. Freight Terminals • 4. Terminal Costs

3. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals • Concept • All spatial flows, with the exception of personal vehicular and pedestrian trips, involve movements between terminals. • Modes assembly and distribution: • Cannot travel individually, but in batches. • People have to go to bus terminals and airports first to reach their final destinations. • Freight has to be consolidated at a port or a rail yard before onward shipment. • Terminals are essential links in transportation chains.

4. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals • Definition • Any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. • Central and intermediate locations: • Points of interchange within the same modal system. • Insure a continuity of the flows. • Particularly the case for modern air and port operations. • Require specific facilities to accommodate the traffic they handle. • Points of interchange: within the same mode. • Points of transfer: between modes.

5. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals • Location • Serve a large concentration of population and/or industrial activities. • Specific terminals have specific locational constraints. • New transport terminals tend to be located outside central areas to avoid high land costs and congestion. • Convergence • Obligatory points of passage. • Invested on their geographical location which is generally intermediate to commercial flows. • Created by the centrality or the intermediacy of their respective locations.

6. 1. The Nature of Transport Terminals • Accessibility • Accessibility to other terminals (at the local, regional and global scale). • How well the terminal is linked to the regional transport system. • Infrastructure • Handle and transship freight or passengers. • Must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future trends. • Modern terminal infrastructures consequently require massive investments.

7. The Function of Transport Terminals Location Local Regional Global Infrastructures Accessibility

8. 2. Passengers Terminals • Overview • Passenger terminals require relatively little specific equipment. • Simple structures. • Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters, food services). • Airports • Are the exception. • The most complex terminals. • Passengers may spend several hours in the terminal. • Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage pick up and customs and immigration on international arrivals. • Wide range of services. • Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft.

9. Chek Lap Kok Air Terminal, Main Concourse, Hong Kong, China

10. 3. Freight Terminals • Specialized entities • Specific loading and unloading equipment. • Wide range of handling gear is required. • Differentiated functionally both by the mode involved and the commodities transferred. • Distinction by two major types of cargo • Bulk: • Goods that are handled in large quantities, that are unpackaged and are available in uniform dimensions. • Liquid bulk goods: Pumps to move the product along hoses and pipes; limited handling equipment is needed, but significant storage facilities may be required. • Dry bulk: wide range of products, such as ores, coal and cereals; handling equipment is required; utilize specialized grabs and cranes and conveyer-belt systems.

11. 3. Freight Terminals • General cargo: • Goods that are of many shapes, dimensions and weights such as machinery and parts. • Because the goods are so uneven and irregular, handling is difficult to mechanize. • General cargo handling usually requires a lot of manpower. • Warehousing • Assembling the individual bundles of goods: • Time-consuming and storage may be required. • Need for terminals to be equipped with specialized infrastructures: • Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated warehouses, or simply space to stockpile.

12. Hong Kong International Distribution Center

13. 4. Terminal Costs • Terminal costs • An important component of transport costs. • Infrastructure costs: • Construction and maintenance costs. • Facilities such as piers, runways, cranes and structures. • Transshipment costs: • Composing, handling and decomposing passengers or freight. • Labor requirement of terminal facilities. • Administration costs: • Managed by institutions such as port or airport authorities or by private companies.

14. Terminal Costs Cost C1 C2 C3 Road Rail Maritime T3 T2 T1 Distance

15. B – Ports and Rail Terminals • 1. Port Sites • 2. Port Functions • 3. Rail Terminals

16. 1. Port Sites • Ports • Convergence between two domains of freight circulation: • Land and maritime domains. • Facilitates convergence between land transport and maritime systems. • Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than any other types of terminals combined. • Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment activities. • Administration: • Submitted to authorities. • Regulating infrastructure investments, its organization and development and its relationships with customers using its services.

17. Port Sites In a delta Along a river Margin of a delta Natural harbors Near an estuary In a bay Protected In an estuary

18. 1. Port Sites • Port sites • Maritime access: • Physical capacity of the site to accommodate ship operations. • Tidal range: difference between the high and low tide. Ship operations cannot handle variations of more than 3 meters. • Channel and berth depths: very important to accommodate modern cargo ships. • Panamax ship (65,000 deadweight tons) requires more than 12 meters (40 feet) of depth. • Many port sites are unable to handle modern maritime access. • Maritime interface: • Amount of space that is available to support maritime access. • Related to the amount of shoreline. • Guarantee its future development and expansion.

19. 1. Port Sites • Infrastructures: • Must have infrastructures such as piers, cranes and warehouses. • Infrastructures consume land which must be available to insure port expansion. • Land access: • Access from the port to industrial complexes and markets. • Requires efficient inland distribution systems, such as fluvial, rail (mainly for containers) and road transportation.

20. Post Panamax Containership at the Port of Le Havre

21. Basic Constraints of Port Sites Land Access Land Space Port Interface Infrastructures Maritime Space Maritime Access

22. Harbor Types Coastal Natural Coastal Breakwater River Basins River Tide Gates Coastal Tide Gates River Natural Canal or Lake Open Roadstead

23. Number of Large and Medium Ports by Channel Depth

24. The American Waterway System

25. Channel Depth at Selected North American Ports, 1998 (in feet)

26. 1. Port Sites • Port development • Setting: • Dependent on geographical considerations. • Furthest point of inland navigation by sailships. • Fishing port with trading and shipbuilding activities. • Simple terminal facilities. • Warehousing and wholesaling, adjacent to the port. • Expansion: • The industrial revolution triggered several changes on port activities. • Quays were expanded and jetties were constructed to handle the growing amounts of freight and passengers as well as larger ships). • Shipbuilding became an activity that required the construction of docks. • Integration of rail lines with port terminals. • Port-related activities expanded to include industrial activities. • Expansion mainly occurred downstream.

27. 1. Port Sites • Specialization: • Construction of specialized piers to handle freight such as containers, ores, grain, petroleum and coal. • Expansion of warehousing needs. • Larger high-capacity ships often required dredging or the construction of long jetties granting access to greater depths. • Downstream migration. • Original port sites became obsolete and were abandoned. • Reconversion opportunities of port facilities to other uses (waterfront parks, housing and commercial developments).

28. The Evolution of a Port Expansion Specialization Setting 4 4 4 3 5 2 1 3 2 4 4 Rail Terminal facilities Downtown Reconversion Water depth Highway Port-related activities Urban expansion

29. Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam

30. 2. Port Functions • Main functions • Supply services to freight (warehousing, transshipment, etc.). • Supply services to ships (piers, refueling, repairs, etc.). • Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal. • Regional in their dynamics. • Hong Kong: • Natural site. • Geographical position of a transit harbor for southern China. • Singapore: • Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca. • Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation. • New York: • Gateway of the North American Midwest. • Hudson / Erie canal system.

31. Port Functions Maritime Space Land Space Regional port Regional port Hinterland Foreland FDC FDC Main port Main port Export activity Infrastructure Import activity Maritime transport Services to merchandises Services to ships Rail transport Road transport FDC Freight distribution center

32. 2. Port Functions • Port activities • About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide. • Less than one hundred ports have a global importance. • High level of concentration in a limited number of large ports. • Linked to maritime access and infrastructure development. • Gateways of continental distribution systems. • Containerization has substantially changed port dynamics. • Port types • Monofunctionnal ports: • Transit a limited array of commodities, most often dry or liquid bulks. • Specialized piers. • Polyfunctionnal ports: • Several transshipment and industrial activities are present. • Variety of specialized and general cargo piers.

33. Throughput of the World’s Major Ports, 1997-2000 (in millions of metric tons)

34. Container Traffic of the World 15 Largest Ports, 2003

35. Traffic at Major North American Container Ports, 2003

36. 2. Port Functions • Problems related to port infrastructures • Ports along rivers are continuously facing dredging problems. • Width of rivers is strongly limiting capacity: • Rarely a port along a river has the capacity to handle Post Panamax ships. • Lateral spread of infrastructures (Seaports). • Congestion in central areas. • Port / city competition for land (waterfront development).

37. 3. Rail Terminals • Location • Not as space-extensive as airports and ports. • Suffer less from site constraints: • Many established prior to the Second World War. • Cities were more compact and land acquisition was easier. • Passengers and freight terminals: • Different locations. • Central railway stations: • Feature of most cities and tend to be located in downtown areas. • Key elements of urban centrality and activity. • Freight rail stations: • Consume more space. • Tend to be located at the periphery. • Older yards tend to be located at the margin of CBDs.

38. Centraal Train Station, Amsterdam

39. TGV Train at Gare de Lyon, Paris, France

40. Quai d'Orsay Museum, Paris, France

41. C – Airport Terminals • 1. Airport Sites • 2. Airport Functions

42. 1. Airport Sites • Concept • Airports act as the main technical support of air transport. • Increased pressures on terminals: • Existing terminals have been expanded and new terminals have been constructed. • Replace airports no longer able to cope with the increased traffic. • International / Regional: • Role and function in the international and regional urban system. • Centrality (being an origin and destination of air traffic) and intermediacy (a hub or a gateway between destinations). • Local: • Level of accessibility of the airport over the metropolitan area it services. • Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and from the airport's terminals.

43. Geographical Scales of Airport Location International / Regional Local

44. 1. Airport Sites • Local site requirements. • Airfields: • Runways and parking areas. • Long enough to accommodate the takeoff and landing of commercial planes. • About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet) are required for a 747 to takeoff. • Slope (less 1%), altitude and meteorological conditions. • About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per hour are possible on a commercial runway under optimal conditions. • Terminals: • Freight and passenger transit infrastructures. • Infrastructures for plane accommodation. • Linked with local transport systems.

45. Air Terminals Airfield Isle Shuttles Terminal Terminal 3 2 1

46. Airport Location Factors City Center Low High High Commuting radius High Low Low Benefits Externalities Suitability Location Ring

47. 1. Airport Sites • Land requirements • Land required by modern airport operations is considerable: • Landing and take off of planes. • Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit the noise generated. • Parking areas in airports located in car dependent cities. • Peripheral sites: • Sufficient quantities of land available. • The more recently an airport was constructed, the more likely this airport is to be located far from the city center. • Expansion and relocation: • Extremely difficult. • Most airports have grown at locations chosen in the 1950s and 1960s. • Most airports are now surrounded. • Only sites available are far from the urban core.

48. Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal Northern runway Train station Passenger terminal Future Terminal Expansion Light Rail System Southern runway Logistics and cargo area To Kowloon and Hong Kong

49. Aerial View of Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Airport Terminal

50. Kansai International Airport, Osaka Bay, Japan