Larry Jordan Buffalo NY

1. Thearchitectureofthecellularnetworks,LarryJordanBuffaloNY • Acellularnetworkismadeupofsomecells.Thecellcovers ageographicalareawhosebase stationconformsto802.11APwhichhelpsmobileuserstoconnecttothenetwork.Thereis an airinterfaceofthephysicalandlinklayerprotocols betweenthemobileandthebase station. • Allthesebasestations areconnectedtothemobileswitchingcentrewhichconnectsthecells tothewidearea net,managescallsetup,andhandlesmobility.Thereisaradiospectrumthat is allocatedtobasestationsandaparticularareaandwhichnowneeds tobeshared.Thereare 2techniquesforsharingmobile-to-basestationradiospectrum. • CombinedFDMA/TDMA • Itdividesthespectrum intofrequencychannels anddivideseachchannel intotimeslots. • Code DivisionMultiple Access • This allows there-useofthesamespectrumonallcells.Twofrequencybands areusedto improvenetefficiency,oneforwardchannelforthecellsitetothesubscriberandonereverse channelforthecellsitetothe sub. • CellFundamentals • Inpracticethecellsareofarbitraryshapeclosetoacircleasithas equalpoweron allsides andequalsensitivityonallsidesbutplacingtwoor threecirclessidebysidemay cause gaps oroverlapeachotherin sequencecankeep.Tosolvethis problem,anequilateraltriangle, square, or regularhexagonisusedin whichthehexagonalcellisclosetothecircleusedfora systemdesign. • ThenumberofcellsinclusterNdeterminestheamount ofco-channelinterferenceandthe number of frequencychannelsavailableperchannel. • CellSplitting • When the number of subscribers in a given area increases it is necessary to allocate more channels covered by that channel which is done by cell segmentation. A single small cell passageisintroducedbetweenthetwoco-channelcells. • NeedforCellularHierarchy • Ithelpsextendcoverage toareasthatare difficulttocoverbyasinglelargecell. • Also, toincreasethecapacityofthenetworkforareasthathasahigh densityofusers. • Thegrowingnumberofwirelessdevicesandthecommunicationbetweenthem. • CellularHierarchy Femtocells • Thesmallestunitin thehierarchythesecells onlyneedtocoverafewmeterswhereall devices arein physicalrangeofuse. • Picocells • Thesizeofthesenetworks isin therangeofafewtensofmeters,forexample,WLAN. • Microcells • Coverarangeofhundredsof meters tosupportPCSin urbanareaswhichisanothertypeof mobiletechnology.

2. Macrocells Coverareasin theorderofseveralkilometres,eg,metropolitanareas. Megacells Covernationwideareaswitharangeofhundredsofkilometres,suchas thoseusedwith satellites. FixedChannelAllocation Thefrequencybandtowhichaparticularchannelisattachedisfixed.Adjacentradio frequencybandsareassignedto differentcells.Inanalog,eachchannelcorrespondstoone userwhilein digitaleachRF channelcarriesmultipletimeslotsor codes(TDMA/CDMA). Simple toimplementastrafficissimilar. GSMcommunications GSMuses124frequencychannels,eachusingan8-slottimedivisionmultiplexing(TDM) system.Thereisafrequencybandwhichisalsofixed.Transmittingandreceivingdonot occurinthesametimeslotbecauseGSMradioscannot transmitandreceiveatthesametime andswitchingfromonetotheother takestime.A data frameis transmittedin 547 microsecondsbutatransmitterisonlyallowedtosendonedataframein4.615microseconds because itis sharing the channel with seven other stations. The gross rate for each channel is 270,833bpsdividedamongeightusers,givinga grossof33.854kbps. The products are expected to be versatile, automated,wireless, secure, safe, and accurate. The inventor, Larry Jordan Buffalo NY, has assigned to Standard Ascension Tower all patent rights tomanufactureandmarkettheAscensionTowersworldwide,in perpetuity.