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The Meeting of Cultures

16,000 BC. 1492. The Meeting of Cultures. MAIN THEMES That the colonization of the Americas included a collision of European and Native American cultures that had been developing along very different lines for thousands of years.

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The Meeting of Cultures

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  1. 16,000 BC 1492 The Meeting of Cultures

  2. MAIN THEMES • That the colonization of the Americas included a collision of European and Native American cultures that had been developing along very different lines for thousands of years. • How a variety of ambitions and impulses (political, personal, financial) moved individuals and nations to colonize the New World. • How the motives of the colonizers, and their experiences prior to immigrating, and their limited knowledge of the New World, shaped their attitudes toward Native American cultures.

  3. EUROPE 1500 AD

  4. TIMELINE: EUROPE BEFORE 1500 1095-1254 - THE CRUSADES 1209 - FRANCISCAN ORDER ESTABLISHED 1340 -1492 - THE RECONQUISTA 1346-1349 - THE BLACK DEATH 1378-1415 - THE GREAT SCHISM 1453 - OTTOMAN CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE / INSTAMBUL

  5. Chronology Of The Crusades 1095-1096 The Peasants Crusade 1095-1099 The First Crusade 1147-1149 The Second Crusade 1189-1192 The Third Crusade 1202-1204 The Fourth Crusade 1202-1202 The Childrens Crusade 1218-1221 The Fith Crusade 1228-1229 The Sixth Crusade 1248-1254 The Seventh Crusade

  6. THE FRANCISCAN REFORMATION – 1209 F – FORMAL HIERACHY R – REMOVABLE /MENDICANCY I – IDEALISM / ANTI-MATERIALISM (NEOPLATONISM) A – APOSTOLIC POVERTY R – REASON SECONDARY TO WILL (VOLUNTARISM) SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI

  7. THE FRANCISCAN SCHOOLS I THE FRANCISCAN SCHOOL OF PARIS (1219) - ALEXANDER OF HALES (1185 -1245) - SAINT BONAVENTURE (1217-1274)

  8. THE FRANCISCAN SCHOOLS II THE FRANCISCAN SCHOOL OF OXFORD (1285) ROGER BACON (1214-1292) JOHN DUNS SCOTUS (1265-1308) WILLIAM OF OCKHAM (1280 /90-1349)

  9. VOLUNTARISM VS.INTELLECTUALISM PLATONIC IDEALISM : The View That True Reality Only Exists in the Realm of Ideas Outside Material Space and Time. PLATO NEOPLATONISM (PLOTINUS) VOLUNTARISM : The Theory that God or the Ultimate Nature of Reality is Conceived as Some Form of Will. SAINT AUGUSTINE FRANCISCAN SCHOOL SAINT BONAVENTURE WILLIAM OF OCKHAM REFORMANTION MARTIN LUTHER

  10. INTELLECTUALISM VS. VOLUNTARISM INTELLECTUALISM : The Theory Which Gives Primacy To God’s Reason or Reason in Nature ARISTOTLE AVERROËS REFORMANTION *JOHN CALVIN COUNTERREFORMATION THOMAS AQUINAS THE JESUITS

  11. The Black Death, 1348

  12. SanJuan, Matamoros

  13. ARISTOTLE AND SLAVERY "THERE IS NO DIFFICULTY IN ANSWERING THIS QUESTION, ON GROUNDS BOTH OF REASON AND OF FACT. FOR THAT SOME SHOULD RULE AND OTHERS BE RULED IS A THING NOT ONLY NECESSARY, BUT EXPEDIENT FROM THE HOUR OF THEIR BIRTH, SOME ARE MARKED OUT FOR SUBJECTION, OTHERS FOR RULE." , "...SOME MEN ARE BY NATURE FREE, AND OTHERS SLAVE, AND THAT FOR THESE LATTER SLAVERY IS BOTH EXPEDIENT AND RIGHT.“ ARISTOTLE, POLITICS, BOOK I, CHP. 5 (NEW YORK: MODERN LIBRARY, 1943), PP.58-6

  14. SCRIPTURE AND SLAVERY SERVANTS, BE SUBJECT TO YOUR MASTERS 1 Peter 2:18 SERVANTS, BE OBEDIENT TO THEM THAT ARE YOUR MASTERS ACCORDING TO THE FLESH, WITH FEAR AND TREMBLING, IN SINGLENESS OF YOUR HEART, AS UNTO CHRIST. Ephesians 6:5

  15. TIMELINE: AFRICA BEFORE 1500 300-700 - RISE OF (ETHIOPIA) AND CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY. 661-750 - MOSLEM (OMAYYAD) CONQUEST OF NORTHERN AFIRCA AND IBERIA 827 - ISLAMICIZED AFRICANS (MOORS) CONQUEST OF SICILY 1000 - GHANA EMPIRE OF SONINKE PEOPLES AT HEIGHT OF POWER 1300 - MOSLEM CONQUEST OF GHANA, MALI EMPIRE 1400S - SONGHAI EMPIRE SECEDES MALI EMPIRE 1400S - ISLAMICIZED SWAHILI CITIES FLOURISH ON EAST AFRICAN COAST OF INDIAN OCEAN; 1441 - TWO PORTUGUESE CAPTAINS, ANTAM GONCLAVES AND NUNO TRISTAO BEGIN THE EUROPEAN SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA 1500 - SLAVE KINGDOMS

  16. The Five Pillars of Islam

  17. MAP OF MOSLEM WORLD _ 1500 AD

  18. SLAVERY IN ISLAM THE QURAN O MANKIND! WE CREATED YOU FROM A SINGLE SOUL, MALE AND FEMALE, AND MADE YOU INTO NATIONS AND TRIBES, SO THAT YOU MAY COME TO KNOW ONE ANOTHER. TRULY, THE MOST HONORED OF YOU IN GOD'S SIGHT IS THE GREATEST OF YOU IN PIETY. GOD IS ALL-KNOWING, ALL-AWARE. -- 49:13 SHARIA 'WHOEVER KILLS HIS SLAVE SHALL BE KILLED BY US'. IN CONSEQUENCE, THE MURDER OF A SLAVE WAS PUNISHED LIKE THAT OF A FREE MAN. 'LET NONE OF YOU SAY, "THIS MAN, OR THIS WOMAN, IS MY SLAVE". HE MUST RATHER SAY: "THIS IS MY MAN, AND THIS MY WOMAN.“ MUKATABA : SELF ENFRANCHISE MILITARY SLAVERY / SLAVE DYNASTIES: JASAINARIES, MAMLUKS), AND EUNUCHS HARATIN: MAURITANIA

  19. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR'S FULFILLING THE MISSION OF THE MILITARY ORDER OF CHRIST, OF WHICH HE WAS GRAND MASTER, HIS OBJECTS WERE: • TO KNOW THE COUNTRY BEYOND CAPE BOJADOR, THE FURTHEST LIMIT OF THE KNOWN WORLD ON THE WEST SIDE OF AFRICA; • (2) TO OPEN UP TRADE RELATIONS; • (3) TO LEARN THE EXTENT OF THE MOHAMMEDAN POWER; • (4) TO FIND A CHRISTIAN PRINCE WHO WOULD AID HIM IN HIS CRUSADING WORK (HE HAD HEARD OF PRESTER JOHN); • (5) TO SPREAD THE CHRISTIAN FAITH.

  20. America Before Columbus   • The Civilizations of the South  •  The Civilizations of the North

  21. TIMELINE: AMERINDIANS IN THE PRE-COLUMBIAN ERA 16,000-14,000 B.C. AMERINDIANS CROSS THE BERING STRAIT INTO NORTH AMERICA  2000 B.C. HORSES BECOME EXTINCT IN THE AMERICAS  2000-1500 B.C. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION TRANSFORMS NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE  1200 - 1000 B.C. OLMEC EMPIRE  100 B.C. - 800 A.D. MAYAN EMPIRE  1000 - 1100 TOLTEC EMPIRE  1300 – 1521 AZTEC EMPIRE  0 - 1300 MOLLOGAN, HOHOKAM, & ANAZI CULTURES  600 – 1429 MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE / CAHOKIA

  22. OLMEC EMPIRE 1200-1000 BCE

  23. MAYAN EMPIRE 100-800 AD

  24. AZTEC EMPIRE 1300-1521 AD

  25. Tenochtitlan,

  26. AMERININDIAN SLAVERY WAR ABDUCTIONS / FORMAL SLAVE TRADE AXTECS INCAS IROQUOIS PAWNEE SLAVE OWNING TRIBES HURON OTTAWA NORTHWEST (30 %)

  27. CULTURES IN CONFLICT • - POLYTHEISM / PANTHEISM • VS. MONOTHEISM • MATRILINIAL VS. PATRILINEAL • COMMUNAL VS. PRIVATE PROPERTY • SLAVERY

  28. Debating the Past: THE AMERICAN POPULATION BEFORE COLUMBUS   AMERICAS: 50 – 75 Million 10 Million in what is now U.S. AFRICA: 50 MILLION EUROPE: 70-90 MILLION

  29. THE AGRICULTURAL EXCHANGE • Americas contributions Tomatoes, peppers, potato, corn, and tobacco • Europe's contribution Beef, pork, milk, cheeses, chicken, sheep, goats Sugar cane--impact on slave trade • The horse: transformed Americas--warfare, hunting, culture.

  30. Biological and Cultural Exchanges 

  31. Smallpox in the New World Santa Domingo, 1495, fifty-seven to eighty percent of the native population Puerto Rico, 1515, two-thirds of the Indians of Puerto Rico were wiped out by smallpox. Mexico: Ten years after Cortez arrived, the native population had been reduced from twenty-five million to six million five hundred thousand a reduction of seventy-four percent. North America: Approximately one million one hundred and fifty thousand Indians living north of the Rio Grande in the early sixteenth-century, but by 1907, there were less than four hundred thousand.

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