Topic 3.2. Full supply chain greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment

1. Topic 3.2. Full supply chain greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment Carly Whittaker & Dr Richard Murphy, Imperial College London Dr Nigel Mortimer- North Energy Associates Ltd. Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

2. Overview • Task 3.2 • Introduce TSEC-Mini-Tool for Biomass Supply Chains • Major elements • Options and flexibility • How it can be used Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

3. Kg CO2 eq. MJ Grid Electricity MJ Diesel Kg CO2eq Kg CO2 eq. Machines Task 3.2: GHG Analysis of biomass supply chains in the UK MJ Natural Gas Kg CO2 eq. On-site Processing Kg CO2 eq. Biomass feedstock production MJ Diesel Conversion to energy Processing Transport Storage Machines Construction Vehicles Fertilizers Stuff Construction Material Losses Material Losses Material Losses • Step 1: Define supply chains • Step 2: Plug in numbers • Step 3: Make it useful • Step 4: Use it! Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

4. Introducing: TSEC-Mini-Tool • MS Excel – ‘traffic light system’ for users • Covers : • 15 Types biomass • 6 Land-use reference systems • 3 Waste reference systems • 10 Transport options • 4 Outputs: Electricity, heat, CHP, or co-fired electricity. • Output: • Energy requirement and CO2 emissions specific to your supply chain • Breakdown of where all emissions occur + BEAT2 Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

5. Using the TSEC-Mini-Tool • 1. Biomass Feedstocks: • MJ/Kg CO2 eq. per ODT of: • Miscanthus • Wheat Straw • Forest Residues • Short Rotation Coppice • Waste Wood • Arboricultural Arisings • Olive Residues/Peanut Shells/generic waste • Sunflower Husk Pellets • Dried DDGS • Dried Rape Meal • Stemtips & Branches • Sawdust • Slabwood • Whole Tree Thinnings • Roundwood Cubes Bales Pellets Chips/Billets Wood Pellets 11 Tree Species Chips/as collected 4-6 Yield Class Ranges Imported as collected 28 Regions UK (road construction intensity Produced Overseas and Imported Co-products from biofuel production Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

6. * * * * * * * Carbon sequestration gives higher CO2 eq. per tonne 2a. Land-use Reference System • For ‘Crops’: • 6 Options: Fallow land (combination of fertilized and mown), rotational set aside land & green manure Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

7. 2b. Waste Reference System • For ‘Wastes’ • Three options • Mulching/natural decay – forest residues, waste wood, arboricultural arisings, olive residues • Burnt for onsite heat – sawmill residues • Landfill – waste wood, arboricultural arisings, olive residues Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

8. Waste Reference System Production Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

9. Waste Reference System: Mulching * * * * * *Overall saving energy compared to reference system: Collecting, chipping and transport to parks for mulch Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

10. Waste Reference System: Onsite Heat * * * * * * * * * Higher emissions per tonne – now have to produce heat from natural gas Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

11. Waste Reference System: Landfill Emissions from Landfill are highly dependent on degradation rates! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Higher emissions per tonne – where carbon is sequestered in landfill All situations include energy recovery * Lower emissions when methane emissions are avoided

12. … ‘per ODT biomass’ • Can depend on many factors • Quantifiable things • Inputs • Yield • Moisture Content • Material losses • Decisions on: • Landfill behaviour • Landuse • Reference system TSEC Mini Tool is flexible Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

13. TSEC-Mini-Tool (7 Truck Sizes) Biomass Road Rail Volume-based t-km emissions Marine Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

14. TSEC-Mini-Tool Can use fossil fuels or biomass to power each step Biomass (stored -transported) Wilton 10 Drax Wood Chipped Hammer milled Dried Condensed Miscanthus Burn! Burn! Burn! Burn! Chips Fossil-pellets Green-pellets Bales Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

15. Include energy Density! Pellets: 17 GJ/tonne Chips: 12 GJ/tonne GHG Benefit of Pellets? Road Transport 2550 Km  300 Km 40 Km Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

16. TSEC-Mini-Tool Biomass (stored- transported -processed -stored again maybe) Dedicated Electricity – Wilton 10 Dedicated Heat - Barnsley Burn! CHP – Not SHP! Co-fired with Coal - Drax 94% 92% 90% Quantify % savings and kg CO2 eq. saved Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

18. Conclusions Biomass looks good …. But what was the question? What does TSEC and stakeholders want to know about GHG’s? Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

19. What now? TSEC Mini Model + BEAT2 • Test it • OK? Use it! Answer questions: • Run • Scenarios: • ‘Energy security’- Only UK biomass • ‘Cost effectiveness’ – Only cheap biomass • ‘Super Carbon-Saving’ – Only low-CO2 biomass • ‘Land-limited production’ – Mostly wastes/residues • ‘Energy efficiency’- more efficient technology • Case Studies – biomass mixes at various scales • Yield Scenarios: future crop yields • Speculate biomass’ contribution to future GHG savings Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009

20. Thank you! Imperial College London – November 13th & 14th 2009