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Unit 7 A

Unit 7 A. Cognition: Memory. Unit Overview. The Phenomenon of Memory Information Processing Forgetting Memory Construction Improving Memory. On a sheet of Paper, write down the names of Snow White’s 7 Dwarves. . On a sheet of Paper, write down the names of Snow White’s 7 Dwarves. .

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Unit 7 A

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  1. Unit 7 A Cognition: Memory

  2. Unit Overview • The Phenomenon of Memory • Information Processing • Forgetting • Memory Construction • Improving Memory

  3. On a sheet of Paper, write down the names of Snow White’s 7 Dwarves.

  4. On a sheet of Paper, write down the names of Snow White’s 7 Dwarves. Was this task easy or difficult? What might make it that way?

  5. On a sheet of Paper, write down the names of Snow White’s 7 Dwarves. Was this task easy or difficult? What might make it that way? To name the 7 dwarves we must get the information into our brain (ENCODING), retain it over time (STORAGE), and get it back out (RETRIEVAL) - This was a RECALL task

  6. On a sheet of Paper, write down the names of Snow White’s 7 Dwarves. Was this task easy or difficult? What might make it that way? To name the 7 dwarves we must get the information into our brain (ENCODING), retain it over time (STORAGE), and get it back out (RETRIEVAL) - This was a RECALL task Write down this list, then circle correct names, cross out incorrect names and leave alone if you are unsure.

  7. On a sheet of Paper, write down the names of Snow White’s 7 Dwarves. Was this task easy or difficult? What might make it that way? To name the 7 dwarves we must get the information into our brain (ENCODING), retain it over time (STORAGE), and get it back out (RETRIEVAL) - This was a RECALL task Write down this list, then circle correct names, cross out incorrect names and leave alone if you are unsure. This is a RECOGNITION task Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, Stubby

  8. How many did we get right? Which Task was easier? Happy, Sleepy, Sneezy, Grumpy, Dopey, Bashful and Doc

  9. Information Processing: How do psychologists Describe the human memory system?

  10. Information Processing: How do psychologists Describe the human memory system? Atkinson and Shiffrin Model:

  11. Information Processing: How do psychologists Describe the human memory system? Atkinson and Shiffrin Model: 1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting SENSORY MEMORY.

  12. Information Processing: How do psychologists Describe the human memory system? Atkinson and Shiffrin Model: 1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting SENSORY MEMORY. From there, we process information into a SHORT TERM MEMORY bin, where we encode it through rehearsal

  13. Information Processing: How do psychologists Describe the human memory system? Atkinson and Shiffrin Model: 1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting SENSORY MEMORY. From there, we process information into a SHORT TERM MEMORY bin, where we encode it through rehearsal 3. Finally, information moves into LONG TERM MEMORY for later retrieval.

  14. Encdoing: Getting information inRead pgs 258-260 Automatic Processing Effortful Processing Rehearsal – conscious repetition Spacing effect – better to study a little bit each day than to cram in one night Serial Position Effect – we recall last and first items best. • Parallel Processing • Automatically Process information about: • Space • Time • Frequency • Well-learned information Memory Story.docx

  15. Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode • Ebbinghaus curve

  16. What we Encode: What effortful processing methods aid in forming memories? Visual Encoding – encoding of pictures and images Acoustic Encoding - Encoding of Sound, especially the sound of words Semantic Encoding – Encoding of meaning, including meaning of word Which of these were evident in our story recall?

  17. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode • Visual Encoding • Imagery – a mental picture • Grocery List of Items for Party • Mnemonics – memory aid techniques • Peg-word system • PEMDAS • WA WA WATSON • Key Word Method

  18. Keyword Method

  19. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode - glance at each row and see what you remember • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • Acronym

  20. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode - glance at each row and see what you remember • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • acronym

  21. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode - glance at each row and see what you remember • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • acronym

  22. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode - glance at each row and see what you remember • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • acronym

  23. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode - glance at each row and see what you remember • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • acronym

  24. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode - glance at each row and see what you remember • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • acronym

  25. Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode • Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • acronym

  26. Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment – try to recall the following letters…

  27. Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment - most people only recall about half due to Iconic Memory.

  28. Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment - most people only recall about half due to Iconic Memory. • Iconic memory – momentary photographic image lasting no more than a few tenth of a second.

  29. Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment - most people only recall about half due to Iconic Memory. • Iconic memory – momentary photographic image lasting no more than a few tenth of a second. • Echoic memory – momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. Last 3-4 seconds

  30. Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment - most people only recall about half due to Iconic Memory. • Iconic memory – momentary photographic image lasting no more than a few tenth of a second. • Echoic memory – momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. Last 3-4 seconds • For example when you tune out someone who talks to much and they ask “Are you listening? What did I just say?” and you can repeat what they said.

  31. Short and Long Term Memory Working/Short Term Memory Long-Term Memory Capacity for Long term memory is limitless. Flashbulb Memory – clear memory of significantly emotional even. Implicit Memory – motor memory but can’t declare memory- skills, habits, etc… (cerebellum) Explicit Memory – memory of facts and experience that one can declare. (hippocampus) • Short Term Memory is limited in duration and capacity. • Stores about 7 bits of information • MAGIC NUMBER SEVEN (+/- 2) • 7 – wonders of the world, seas, primary colors, days, digits in a phone number

  32. For Next Class: Bring Book, Print – Read – and Answer questions on article “Case of HM”

  33. Retrieval: Getting Information Out • Recall – retrieve information learned earlier. • Fill in the Blank questions • Recognition – identify items previously learned. • Multiple Choice Questions • Relearning – amount of time saved when learning material for the second time • Rehearsal & Studying (things you don’t do…) • Retrieval Cues – things that help us remember. Like priming. (Try Rapid Fire Question from Teachers Edition) • Use handout 7A-7

  34. Forgetting

  35. Schacter’sseven sins of memory

  36. Schacter’sseven sins of memory • 3 Sins of Forgetting • Absent-mindedness • Transience • Blocking

  37. Schacter’sseven sins of memory • 3 Sins of distortion • Misattribution • Suggestibility • Bias • 1 Sin of intrusion • persistence • 3 Sins of Forgetting • Absent-mindedness • Transience • Blocking

  38. Forgetting is a process of • Encoding Failure – we can not remember what we have not encoded. • Storage Decay – Even after we encode something well, we sometimes later forget it. • Retrieval Failure – We store in long-term memory what’s important to us or what we have rehearsed, but sometimes even stored information can not be retrieved, which leads to forgetting.

  39. Encoding Failure - which is actually a Penny? • Encoding failure

  40. Encoding Failure – how many times to we handle a penny but fail to notice its details. • Encoding failure

  41. Encoding Failure

  42. Retrieval Failure

  43. Retrieval FailureInterference

  44. Retrieval FailureMotivated Forgetting • Self-serving personal histories • Repression

  45. Memory Construction

  46. Misinformation and Imagination Effects • Loftus memory studies • Misinformation effect

  47. Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse? • Areas of agreement • Sexual abuse happens • Injustice happens • Forgetting happens • Recovered memories are incomplete • Memories before 3 years are unreliable • Hypnotic memories are unreliable • Memories can be emotionally upsetting

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