Compounding

1. Compounding Prof. Walid Amer: Dean of the faculty of Arts Islamic University of Gaza

2. The components of Compounding words:

3. To combine between such two elements, we have to take in consideration the relationship: • Syntactic relationship:like part of speech, co-ordination, verb and object, qualifier and noun, adverb and noun ,denoting the subject or the object. • Semantic relationship: denoting place or time, purpose, means or instrument, resemblance, and sex.

5. Compounds formationTypes of Compound nouns: • Solid or Closed form: consists of monosyllabic units. • Examples: lawsuit, wallpaper, makeup. • Hyphenated form: two or more units are combined by hyphens. • Examples: good-for-nothing, salt-and-pepper. • Opened or Spaced form: long words such as : distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.

6. Analyzability: ( Transparency): • The meaning of the compound can be analyzed in different ways: 1. The relationship is attributive. The meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of the head. The modifier limits the meaning. (endocentric compounds) Example: blackboard. 2. The relationships are expressed by prepositions, there is no obvious semantic head. (exocentric compounds) Examples: Footstool, armchair, office manager. 3. The meaning could be a generalization when the meaning could be induced from both units. Example: fighter bomber: it is an aircraft which is both fighter and bomber.

7. Compound Adjectives:It is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes where the left-hand morpheme narrows or changes the modification of the right hand one. Types of Compound adjectives • Solid modifiers: • Overtime usage: earsplitting, eyecatching , downtown. • Number with fold as a suffix: sixfold, fifteenfold. • Points of compass: northwest, northwester

9. Compound Verbs • It is usually composed of a modifier and a verb. The modifier is usually a preposition but it can be an adverb, an adjective, a noun • Examples: Overrate, downsize, whitewash, browbeat.

10. Phrasal verbs: They are a combination of verb and prepositions. A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic, figurative or even metaphorical context. The meaning of each word cannot be determined separately. Examples: Give in, find out, look after, blame on, serve as, look up to, etc.

11. Compounding in Arabic:

12. Other categories • Compound Numbers: from 11 to 19 • Numbers from 21 to 99. • Compound particles الحرف المركبة ( انما ، ربما، ريثما، حيثما، كيفما ، سيما ولا سيما ) *Defective verb Compounds: ما برح ، ما دام ، ما زال، ما فتئ *Two interrogative pronouns ماذا و منذا *proper noun: القاموس المحيط التل الكبير

13. Compound Nouns: • The structure (N+ Adj. ): the read seaالبحر الاحمر • A different syntactic structure: قسم من اقسام الكلام • Arabic possessive or Genitive structure: طلوع النهار ، عابر سبيل

14. Compound Adjective • Single-word adjectives: Trustworthyموثوق • Adj.+ Adj. : bitter sweetمر حلو dark blueازرق غامق • Simile: red-hotحار كالجمر blood-redاحمر كالدم • N+ Adj.+ Adj.: usually employing a prep. Sea-sickمصاب بدوران البحر blood thirstyمتعطش للدماء • Adv+ Adj. are rendered by possessive: Ever greenدائم الخضرة ever-ripe زائد الخضرة