Fuel Cells AND Batteries - Key Enablers for Zero Emission Vehicles - Dr. Andreas Truckenbrodt

1. Fuel Cells AND Batteries - Key Enablers for Zero Emission Vehicles - Dr. Andreas Truckenbrodt AFCC Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation Corp. Burnaby, Canada HFC 2009 June 1, 2009 AFCC: The Centre for Fuel Cell Stack Development for Daimler AG and Ford Motor Company

3. Well-to-wheel CO2 potential

4. Powertrain portfolio Mobility Scenarios cross country long distance city Combustion Engine Hybridization Plug-In/Range Extender Battery Electric Fuel Cell Electric A diverse powertrain portfolio is required to cover all applications

5. Both require infrastructure Buildup of charging infrastructure Buildup H2-Infrastructure Investment [€] Investment [€] Public parking Commercial parking sites Private parking place(50%) Workplace Start invest for a minimal-infrastructure Number of vehicles Number of vehicles • Investment for the charging infrastructure depends on vehicles sales • H2-infrastructure requires start-up investments Overall costs for infrastructure are similar, though shape is a little different

6. Both are approaching near-term commercialization F-Cell smart ed

7. Batteries – Promise and Challenges • High worldwide sentiment for EV/PHEV’s • Batteries are making good progress technically and cost-wise • But EV/PHEV’s are not farther ahead than fuel cells • Many challenges remain • May 27 announcement Chrysler/DOE: $448 million dollars to develop EV/PHEV – includes $365 million for a 365 vehicle test fleet • Very few vehicles on the road in customer hands to prove market potential – many are just starting a test fleet phase

8. Fuel cell roadmap - The path to commercialization Passenger Cars Lead application Generation 1 Technology Demonstration Generation 1 Technology Demonstration F-Cell Generation 1 Technology Demonstration Bus Sprinter Generation 2 Customer Acceptance Generation 2 Customer Acceptance Generation 2 Customer Acceptance B-Class F-Cell 2004 Generation 3 Cost Reduction I 2010 Future Generations Future Generations Generation 4 Market Introduction Cost Reduction II 2013 201x Generation 5 High Volume Series Production 202y Fuel cell passenger cars will drive the volume

9. European Bus Project HyFLEET:CUTE National Innovation Program H2 and Fuel Cell Germany Bus Project Beijing China California Fuel Cell Partnership MB NL Berlin MBUSA JHFC Program Japan Clean Energy PartnershipGermany MBJ European Zero RegioProject DoE Program USA DSEA Sinergy EDB ProjectSingapore Bus Project STEP Perth, Australia Gen 1: Technology demonstration From Necar 1 (1994) to F-Cell and Fuel Cell Buses (2004-2008) 60 F-Cell Vehicles in customer operation 36 Buses (Citaro) in Europe, Australia, China 3 Sprinter Europe, USA ∼64.000 km ∼2.400 h ∼2.000.000 km ∼ 58.000 h ∼ 2.100.000 km ∼137.000 h 100 vehicles since 2004

10. Fuel cells have also made huge progress Generation 2: Full customer acceptance Generation 1: Technology demonstration A-Class F-Cell B-Class F-Cell 2004 – 2009 Worldwide 90 cars, 39 buses from 2009 Small series production Consumption -30% Range +150% Size - 40% Power +30% B-Class F-Cell: • Higher stack lifetime • Increased power (65kW 100kW) • Higher reliability • Longer range (160km 400km) • Freeze start ability below 0°C • Li-Ion battery [l/100km] [km] [kW] [l]

11. Status of fuel cell technology Performance Safety Comfort Freeze start Range Reliability Longevity Package/weight Cost

12. Fuel cell achievements and challenges Gen 3: Full scale running prototypes Gen 2: On road 2009

13. For fuel cells we know how to get the cost down Goal: Competitive to the incumbent technologies • Volume increase, economies of scale” (4-5x) • Technology improvements (3x) • Supplier development • New, cooperative business models Magnitude of the task: factor 15

14. cost per-formance life-time Cost driven development goals Stack • reduce Pt loading from 1 mg/cm2 to 0.2 - 0.3 mg/cm2 • develop improved cathode catalyst material and application technology without negative impact on lifetime • reduce active stack area • increase catalyst activity at full and part load (fuel economy !) while reducing Pt loading • reduce bipolar plate cost through high volume manufacturing technologies (metal plates or carbon plates) • improve membrane performance under dry and hot conditions to accommodate reduced/eliminated humidifier system concept • improve unit cell/ flow field concept to accommodate reduced/eliminated hydrogen recirculation system concept System • reduce/eliminate humidifier • reduce/eliminate hydrogen recirculation loop • reduce component cost (compressor, sensors, valves, tank, power electronics etc.)

15. Solve joint problems jointly • Our industry does not need proprietary solutions to every problem • As the cost of these solutions gets higher and higher, no one company can afford to develop all of them • Nor will our customers pay the price tag for a custom solution…….to a generic problem The path to success in the last century probably is not going to be the path to success in this one. This drives us toward collaboration with other automakers and suppliers on the development of the cornerstone technologies of our collective future.

16. … and we'll alwaysmanage branddifferentiation …

17. All stakeholders are in charge ! Automotive Industry Fuels/Energy Industry • clean and efficient • reliable • affordable • improved conv. fuels • alternative fuels • infrastructure Customer Public Institutions • relevant framework • incentives • research • choice of vehicle • driving behaviour • "feel comfortable"

18. Key Messages • It is “fuel cells AND batteries” • Fuel cells work fine - #1 focus is now on cost reduction, and we know how to get there • The strong commitment from the car manufacturers needs to be joined by the other stakeholders