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Why have historical landmarks been spared by war?

Why have historical landmarks been spared by war?. King Louis “Sun King”. Ruled for longer than any other Monarch in European History 1643-1715. Louis XIV Reign . Absolute Monarch Sun King The sun was associated with Apollo, god of peace and arts, and was

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Why have historical landmarks been spared by war?

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  1. Why have historical landmarks been spared by war?

  2. King Louis “Sun King” Ruled for longer than any other Monarch in European History 1643-1715

  3. Louis XIV Reign Absolute Monarch Sun King The sun was associated with Apollo, god of peace and arts, and was also the heavenly body which gave life to all things, regulating everything as it rose and set. Like Apollo, the warrior-king Louis XIV brought peace, was a patron of the arts, and dispensed his bounty. Educated Practical • Modest when speaking about his education • Fluent Italian and Spanish • Spoke and wrote French • French History • European geography

  4. King Louis XIV • Time period has been characterized • 1650-1700 • Grand Century • Age of Magnificence • Age of Louis XIV

  5. Sun King

  6. Becoming the Absolutist • Intimidate those who opposed the government • Do anything to further France at home or aboard

  7. Manzarin /King Louis XIV King Louis education • Learned to speak • Italian • Spanish • Fluently • Spoke and wrote French eloquently • Knew French History • Knew European geography • Learned by direct experience and on the job training • Studied state papers • Attended council • Learned foreign information

  8. Religion • Catholic • Attended mass daily • Didn’t pay attention to mass • Said Rosary • Divine Right • Taught that God created him to rule on Earth • He was Gods connection on Earth

  9. Fronde • Learned that nobility could not be trusted • Witnessed the chaos up close and personnel • Mob broke into his bedroom and scared him silly • Convinced France needed strong central government • collaborated with the nobility instead of subduing them by force • Allowed him to control the nobility without them realizing it • Convinced nobles on more then one occasion to support measures that benefited both nobility and the monarchy

  10. Louis loved being the monarch • Loved the grandeur (appearance, or style, or social importance). • He convinced the nobility to love the grandeur • He crave the attention from the court

  11. Using Versailles • Louis XIII • Hunting Lodge • Get a ways from his wife he did not like • 10 miles outside of Paris • Louise XIV turned it into most expensive palace ever built • Russia • Prussia tried to create a replica of Versailles

  12. Court Life • Versailles • 10 miles outside Paris • Required all of Nobility to live at Versailles for 1 year • Louis XIII created it as Hunting Lodge • Retreat from the Queen • Peter the Great of Russia, modeled Peterhof Palace after Versailles • Frederick the Great, modeled Postdam outside Berlin • Used to intimidate other Monarchs and Countries

  13. Government Innovations • Complete domestication of the Nobility • King Louis XIV • Exercised complete control over powerful social class that historically opposed “centralizing goal" of the French monarch • Actually achieved cooperation of Nobility • Nobility agreed to participate in projects • reinforced the monarchy • Aristocratic prestige • Relationship between Monarchy constituted collaboration then absolute control (pg 538)

  14. Louis created Versailles • to be a get a way • a place for entertainment • for nobles and foreign dignitaries. • Wanted all who laid eyes on Versailles to be awed • Foreign visitors to imagine Frances vast wealth • Visitors to be intimidated by his grandeur, his majesty, and opulence (rich and luxury) • He succeeded • Tens of thousands worked everyday to turn Versailles in the grandest chateau (castle like)

  15. 10=20% of Frances entire budget went to the building of Versailles. • 2,000 acres • 12 miles of road and enclosing roads • 26 acres of rooftops • 700 rooms • 67 staircases • 6,000 paintings • 2,100 more sculptures • Finest Furniture • Host several thousand guests • Few thousand full staff • Louis used Versailles to intimidate visitors and to magnify his image and that of France

  16. Versailles

  17. Versailles

  18. Versailles

  19. Inside Versailles

  20. Peter the Great of Russia, modeled Peterhof Palace after Versailles

  21. Peter the Great of Russia, modeled Peterhof Palace after Versailles

  22. Frederick the Great, modeled Postdam outside Berlin

  23. Frederick the Great, modeled Postdam outside Berlin

  24. Versailles and Nobility • Louis used Versailles to keep nobility in check • How? • Required ALL uppermost nobles to spend at least part of the year at Versailles • Skeptical • Considered it an honor to be invited • Once at Versailles Nobles fell in love with the luxury • King feasts and balls • Put on plays on ballets

  25. Fortunate few were allowed in Kings presence • Bed chambers • Watch him rise • Put on his robe • Made nobility believe that they were fortunate to be in his palace

  26. Ulterior Motive • By requiring, or inviting nobles to to stay at Versailles • Potential advocates and opponents in one place • He/Officers could keep tabs on nobles • Agents who eavesdrop / intercepted correspondence to be sure there were not plots against King Louis • Versailles was used as a tool to keep nobles in check

  27. French Religion • Believed he had duty to defend his faith • Believed no room for more than one religion • Forced Jansenists (protestant like catholic's) into hiding • Huguegnots • Revoked the Edict of Nantes • Stripped Hugegnots of rights they enjoyed • Closed Calvinist church's burned and banned literature • Exiled anyone who refused to convert to Catholicism • Bad for economy = Hardworking Protestants moved out of country = took large tax base

  28. Why Revoke the Edict of Nantes First • France never intended permanent religious tolerance • One king, one law, one faith • Religious unity essential to the security of the state

  29. Second • Not a popular policy • Aristocrats had petitioned King Louis to banish Protestantism • One act of his reign that was popular with all his subjects • Revocation • Impacted economy and Foreign affairs • Skilled Huguenots left France and so did the tax base

  30. Study the French Classicism • The Rape of the Sabine women

  31. Colbert and Mercantalism • Used intendant’s • Placed great trust in particular ministers • Helped them make important decisions • Louise XIV most influenced by Jean Baptiste Colbert

  32. Under Solbert’s Leasdership Economic policy Mercantilism • Mercantilist bureaucracy created increase in the number of government officials to keep economy going • Benefits were huge • Overseas trade • Colonization in places like Canada and Mississippi Valley • Creation of trade companies • Mercantilist profit went straight to the state.

  33. Colbert • Helped France expand its Navy • Created Industries • regulated the quality of goods produced • Encouraged formation of guilds • group of craftsmen from same profession = develop master craftsmen • Mercantilism would have been successful if it was not for King Louis deficit spending

  34. King Louis XIV War • Poured a lot of $$$ into his military • Paid off • Created the largest, most intimidating, professional, standing army that Europe has ever seen • Create this huge impressive army • Louis taxed his people heavily • Diverted funds from hunger relief • Social relief

  35. Louis Army over the years • Richelieu (King Louis XIII) = 25,000 men • Treaty of Pyrenees = Ended the war with Spain • 1659 = 250,000 men

  36. 1667-68 = Captured Spanish Netherlands • Continued to fight in Spanish Netherlands = 1672- 1678 • King Louis wars and expansion goals got tiring for other countries • Louis engaged in battles with: • English • Dutch - Treaty of Nijmegen (1678) Flemish towns/ France-Comte • Spanish • Holy Roman Empire • Despite alliances against him • Expanded eastward into Germany • Weak divisions of German empire

  37. Fed up with expansion (p. 543) • Coalition of countries put a stop to King Louis advances • Prevent France from becoming to strong • Check Frances expanding commercial power • Dutch • Spanish • English • Swedes • Austrian emperor • German Princes • Fighting ended with the Peace of Utrecht • Louis had to return all land he conquered over the last 20 years. • Except Strasburg

  38. Peace of Utrecht • Prevented in once country from gaining too much power • Completed the decline of Spain • Expanded the British Empire • Gave European powers experience in international cooperation • Marked end of French expansion

  39. Military used to expose his absolutism • Used military, taxes, conscription (enlist in military) to control the people • French paid heavily • Taxes • Fed soldiers • Gave their lives • Only to lose the land they wagered so much to conquer • At war 33 of the 54 years he ruled

  40. Louis didn’t just rule France he was France • By controlling every aspect of France, Louis determined how the world saw him • He was the trend setter for Europe • Art • Music • Fashion • Culture • Redefined the modern military • Bankrupted the country • France is defined by Louis XIV

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