C H A P T E R 1

1. CHAPTER 1 BRUNEI’S TRADITIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM (ADMINISTRATION). Prepared by: SM PAP HJH MASNA

2. Administration Sultan as the Head of Islam Political Checkpoints Territorial Administration Land & Human Resources

3. SULTAN AS THE HEAD OF THE ISLAMIC RELIGION • ROLES: • AS HEAD OF THE GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION. • TO DEVELOP & SPREAD THE TEACHINGS OF ISLAM THROUGHOUT HIS EMPIRE. • TO INTRODUCE A NEW SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION BASED ON ISLAMIC TEACHINGS. • INTRODUCE NEW POSTS : KADHI, KHATIB, IMAM AND MUDIM (RELIGIOUS OFFICERS)

4. RESPONSIBILITIES • TO ENFORCE SYARIAH LAW. • MOSQUE ADMINISTRATION. • AS SCRIBES AND ADVISORS TO THE SULTAN RELIGIOUS OFFICERS

5. OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE TASKS PERFORMED BY RELIGIOUS OFFICERS • TO PURCHASE A ‘WAKAF’ HOUSE • TO COLLECT REVENUES (TAXES) • AS WITNESSES DURING THE SIGNING OF THE AMANAT IN 1885 • TO BECOME MEMBERS OF THE STATE COUNCIL.

6. EXAMPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRES IN BRUNEI: PENGKALAN BALEI – PG PEMANCHA PENGKALAN TARAP – PG TEMENGGONG A TRADING CENTRE FOR PEOPLE DWELLING BY THE RIVER. IT WAS ALSO CENTRES OF TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE BRUNEI EMPIRE. IT BECAME NECESSARY TO CONTROL RIVER POPULACE BECAUSE OF THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND TO CONTROL THE KEDAYAN AND BISAYA TRIBES POLITICAL CHECKPOINT POPULAR TRADING CENTRE WAS PENGKALAN LIMAU MANIS

7. The Political Checkpoints can be further categorized into: DAERAH NEGERI KAMPUNG

8. ‘DAERAH’ • AN AREA STRETCHED ALONGSIDE THE BANKS OF ONE OR TWO RIVERS WHICH FLOW INTO THE MOUTH OF A LARGER RIVER • MADE UP OF SEVERAL KAMPUNGS

9. KAMPONG • A SMALL AREA ALONG THE RIVERS. • CONTROLLED BY THE HEAD OF TRIBES WHO ACTED ON BEHALF OF THE RIVER AUTHORITIES NAMELY … • PENGIRANS • OYA • MUKAH • IGAU • DATO • SARAWAK • SAMARAHAN • SADONG • KALAKAH • SHARIFS • SEKRANG • SEREBAS • SERIKI • TELUK MERUDU

10. NEGERI • LARGE ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRES ESTABLISHED AT RIVER ESTUARIES.

11. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTIONS?

12. GROUP ACTIVITY – “RUNNING DICTATION” Teacher: • Prepare strips of sentences based on topics taught (preferably laminated). • Use blu-tac to stick these strips of sentences around the classroom area. • Duration – 5 minutes (depends).

13. GROUP ACTIVITY – “RUNNING DICTATION” Instructions for students: • Divide the students into 3 or 4 groups (depends on the number of students in that class). • Each group chooses first runner while the rest get ready to write on a piece of blank paper. Then, after completing the first sentence, it is the turn of the second, third, fourth runners to do the same thing (take turns). • The first runner from each group will have to go to the chosen strip of sentence, read it, memorize it and then return back to his/her group and say it so that the rest can write it down. • All groups will be instructed to choose any strips of sentences that are being pasted everywhere around the class by the teacher earlier. • Students will be given 5 minutes to write as many sentences as they could before the time ends. • After the times up, students will have to write what they have obtained from the activity on the board to be shared with the whole class. Then teacher will check if the sentences are complete and correct.

14. Learning Outcomes: • At the end of the lesson, students should be able: • To explain the role of the Sultan as head of the Islamic religion; • To name the new posts of religious officials; • To discuss the responsibilities of these officials and the other administrative tasks performed; • To explain the meaning of ‘Political Checkpoint’; • To examine the importance of political checkpoints in controlling the river population; • To differentiate Daerah, Kampung and Negeri; and • To identify the officials in-charge of these territories; and • To name the various rivers administered by these officials.

15. Exercise: • Do a mind-mapping on: • The role of the Sultan as the Head of the Islamic religion. • ALL the tasks of the religious officials. • THREE categorization of Political Checkpoints (including the rivers).